This book examines US naval strategy and the role of American seapower over three decades, from the late 20th century to the early 21st century. This study uses the concept of seapower as a framework to explain the military and political application of sea power and naval force for the United States of America. It addresses the context in which strategy, and in particular US naval strategy and naval power, evolves and how US naval strategy was developed and framed in the international and national security contexts. It explains what drove and what constrained US naval strategy and examines selected instances where American sea power was directed in support of US defense and security policy ends – and whether that could be tied to what a given strategy proposed. The work utilizes naval capstone documents in the framework of broader maritime conceptual and geopolitical thinking, and discusses whether these documents had lasting influences in the strategic mind-set, the force structure, and other areas of American sea power. Overall, this work provides a deeper understanding of the crafting of US naval strategy since the final decade of the Cold War, its contextual and structural framework setting, and its application. To that end, the work bridges the gap between the thinking of American naval officers and planners on the one hand and academic analyses of Navy strategy on the other hand. It also presents the trends in the use of naval force for foreign policy objectives and into strategy-making in the American policy context. This book will be of much interest to students of naval power, maritime strategy, US national security and international relations in general.
Based on data collected in three national subsidiaries of a multinational company, Sebastian-Dominik Jais examines the use of information in the United States, South Korea and Germany. The results indicate that differences in information use practices only exist if the type of information use is not determined externally, e.g. by technical necessity or task necessity. The author shows that the effectiveness of managerial information use is strongly related to the respective cultural environment.
The second edition of the Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners. First published in 2011, it has been used widely across the development and academic communities. The book incorporates real-world examples to present practical guidelines for designing and implementing impact evaluations. Readers will gain an understanding of impact evaluations and the best ways to use them to design evidence-based policies and programs. The updated version covers the newest techniques for evaluating programs and includes state-of-the-art implementation advice, as well as an expanded set of examples and case studies that draw on recent development challenges. It also includes new material on research ethics and partnerships to conduct impact evaluation. The handbook is divided into four sections: Part One discusses what to evaluate and why; Part Two presents the main impact evaluation methods; Part Three addresses how to manage impact evaluations; Part Four reviews impact evaluation sampling and data collection. Case studies illustrate different applications of impact evaluations. The book links to complementary instructional material available online, including an applied case as well as questions and answers. The updated second edition will be a valuable resource for the international development community, universities, and policy makers looking to build better evidence around what works in development.
A segunda edição do livro Avaliação de Impacto na Prática é uma introdução completa e acessível ao mundo das avaliações de impacto para os formuladores de políticas públicas e os profissionais do desenvolvimento. Publicado pela primeira vez em 2001, este livro tem sido usado amplamente pelas comunidades acadêmicas e do desenvolvimento. Incorpora exemplos da vida real para apresentar guias práticos para o desenho e implementação das avaliações de impacto. Os leitores poderão obter conhecimentos sólidos sobre avaliação de impacto e as melhores formas de utilizá-la para elaborar políticas e programas baseados em evidências rigorosas. A versão atualizada abrange as técnicas mais inovadoras de avaliação de programas e inclui conselhos práticos, assim como um conjunto ampliado de exemplos e estudos de caso provenientes de problemáticas de desenvolvimento recentes. Inclui também um novo material sobre a ética da pesquisa e indica instituições e associações para realizar avaliações de impacto. O livro está dividido em quatro seções: na primeira parte, analisa-se o que avaliar e por quê; a segunda parte apresenta os principais métodos de avaliação de impacto; a terceira parte aborda o tema de como administrar as avaliações de impacto; e a quarta parte analisa a etapa de amostragem das avaliações de impacto e a coleta de dados. O livro contém links para material instrucional complementar disponível on-line, incluindo um caso aplicado, assim como perguntas e respostas. A segunda edição atualizada será um recurso valioso para a comunidade internacional do desenvolvimento, universidades e formuladores de políticas públicas que precisam contar com melhores evidências sobre o que funciona para o desenvolvimento.
This book offers an accessible introduction to the topic of impact evaluation and its practice in development. While the book is geared principally towards development practitioners and policymakers designing prospective impact evaluations, we trust that it will be a valuable resource for students and others interested in using impact evaluation. Prospective impact evaluations should be used selectively to assess whether or not a program has achieved its intended results, or to test alternatives for achieving those results. We consider that more and better impact evaluation will help strengthen the evidence base for development policies and programs around the world. If governments and development practitioners can make policy decisions based on evidence - including evidence generated through impact evaluation - our hope is that development resources will be spent more effectively, and ultimately have a greater impact on reducing poverty and improving people's lives. The three chapters in this handbook provide a non-technical introduction to impact evaluations, including “Why Evaluate” in Chapter 1, “How to Evaluate” in Chapter 2 and “How to Implement Impact Evaluations” in Chapter 3. These elements are the basic ‘tools' needed in order to successfully carry out an impact evaluation. From a methodological standpoint our approach to impact evaluation is largely pragmatic: we think that the most appropriate methods should be identified to fit the operational context, and not the other way around. This is best achieved at the outset of the program, through the design of prospective impact evaluation that can be built into the project's implementation. We argue that gaining consensus between key stakeholders and identifying an evaluation design that fits the political and operational context is as important as the method itself. We also believe strongly that impact evaluations should be upfront about their limitations and caveats. Finally, we strongly encourage policymakers and program managers to consider impact evaluations in a logical framework that clearly sets out the causal pathways by which the program works to produce outputs and influence final outcomes, and to combine impact evaluations with monitoring and selected complementary evaluation approach to gain a full picture of performance. This book builds on a core set of teaching materials developed for the “Turning Promises to Evidence” workshops organized by the office of the Chief Economist for Human Development (HDNCE) in partnership with regional units and the Development Economics Research Group (DECRG) at the World Bank.
Heuristics are short-cuts and deliberately ignore information, for instance through examining fewer cues or integrating less information. However, this collides with a view on management accountants and controllers as rational agents which seems to suggest that all available information should be considered. As their role as information supplier is often accompanied with the task to assist managers in their judgment and decision making, they have huge influence on these processes. Therefore, it is of high relevance to know if, how, and which heuristics management accountants and controllers use. Furthermore, we need to know which individual and situational factors influence their usage of heuristics. With a series of five empirical studies, applying a mixed-methods research design, the author sheds light to these research questions and addresses some central claims of the potential biases but also the stunning benefits of relying on heuristic reasoning. Central to his discussion are dual-process-approaches which are debated in cognitive psychology. Scholars of these approaches claim that we should distinguish between two distinct processes (or systems) of the human mind. Following this interpretation, heuristics are processes which are described as intuitive, automatic, fast, and unconscious. They are routinized cognitive processes which are based on experience in certain social environments and thus often exhibit ecological rationality. Overall, this book picks up an up-to-date topic in behavioural accounting research, which not only is of relevance for researchers but as well for practitioners.
La segunda edición del libro “Evaluación de impacto en la práctica†? es una introducción completa y accesible al mundo de las evaluaciones de impacto para los formuladores de políticas públicas y los profesionales del desarrollo. Publicado por primera vez en 2011, este libro ha sido utilizado ampliamente por las comunidades académicas y del desarrollo. El libro incorpora ejemplos de la vida real para introducir guías prácticas para el diseño y la implementación de evaluaciones de impacto. Los lectores podrán tener un conocimiento sólido sobre evaluaciones de impacto y las mejores formas de utilizarlas para diseñar políticas y programas basados en evidencia rigurosa. La versión actualizada cubre las técnicas más novedosas de evaluación de programas e incluye consejos prácticos, así como un conjunto ampliado de ejemplos y estudios de casos provenientes de problemáticas de desarrollo recientes. También incluye un nuevo material sobre la ética de la investigación y asociaciones para llevar a cabo evaluaciones de impacto. El libro está dividido en cuatro secciones: en la primera parte se analiza qué evaluar y por qué; en la segunda parte se presentan los principales métodos de evaluación de impacto; la parte tres aborda el tema de cómo administrar las evaluaciones de impacto; en la parte cuatro se revisa la etapa de muestreo de las evaluaciones de impacto y la recolección de datos. Además, los estudios de casos ilustran diferentes aplicaciones de las evaluaciones de impacto. El libro contiene enlaces a material instruccional complementario disponible en línea, incluyendo un caso aplicado, así como preguntas y respuestas. La segunda edición actualizada será un recurso valioso para la comunidad internacional del desarrollo, universidades, y aquellos formuladores de políticas públicas que buscan contar con una mejor evidencia en torno a lo que funciona en el mundo del desarrollo.
“ O objetivo deste livro é fornecer um guia acessível, abrangente e claro para a avaliação de impacto. Omaterial, desde a motivação da avaliação de impacto até as vantagens de diferentes metodologias, cálculos de poder estatístico e de custos, é explicado de forma muito clara e a cobertura é impressionante. Este livro se tornará um guia muito consultado e utilizado e afetará a formulação depolíticas para os próximos anos.†? Orazio Attanasio, Professor de Economia, University College London; Diretor, Centro de Avaliação de Políticas de Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Estudos Fiscais, Reino Unido “ Este é um recurso valioso para quem procura realizar avaliações de impacto no mundo em desenvolvimento, abrangendo os aspectos conceituais e práticos envolvidos, ilustrados com exemplos de prática recente.†? Michael Kremer, Professor de Sociedades em Desenvolvimento, Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Harvard, Estados Unidos “ Os ingredientes principais para boas avaliações públicas são (a) metodologias apropriadas; (b) a capacidade de resolver problemas práticos, tais como coletar de dados, trabalhar com orçamentos baixos, e escrever relatório fi nal; e (c) governos responsáveis. Este livro não apenas descreve metodologias técnicas sólidas para medir o impacto de programas públicos, mas também fornece vários exemplos e nos leva ao mundo real da implementação de avaliações, desde o convencimento dos formuladores de políticas até a divulgação dos resultados. Se mais profi ssionais e formuladores de políticas lessem este manual, teríamos melhores políticas e resultados em muitos países. Se os governos melhorarem a prestação de contas, o impacto deste manual será ainda maior.†? Gonzalo Hernández Licona, Secretário Executivo, Conselho Nacional de Avaliação de Políticas de Desenvolvimento Social (CONEVAL), México “ Eu recomendo este livro como um guia claro e acessível para as questões desafi adoras, práticas e técnicas, enfrentadas na elaboração de avaliações de impacto. Ele se baseia em material que tem sidotestado em workshops em todo o mundo e deve se mostrar igualmente útil aos profi ssionais, formuladores de políticas e avaliadores.†? Nick York, Chefe do Departamento de Avaliação, Departamento para o Desenvolvimento Internacional, Reino Unido “ O conhecimento é um dos bens mais valiosos para compreender a natureza complexa do processo de desenvolvimento. A avaliação de impacto pode contribuir para preencher a lacuna entre intuição e evidências, para melhor informar a formulação de políticas. Este livro, um dos resultados tangíveis do Fundo Estratégico de Avaliação de Impacto, equipa os profi ssionais de desenvolvimento humano com ferramentas de ponta para produzir evidências sobre quais políticas funcionam e por quê. Visto que ele aumenta a nossa capacidade de alcançar resultados, esperamos que faça uma grande diferença na prática do desenvolvimento.†? Soraya Rodríguez Ramos, Secretária de Estado para a Cooperação Internacional, Espanha
The book provides a concise and interdisciplinary outlook on the impacts of climate change on coastal areas and how coastal communities adapt to them. The first chapter analyses how sea level rise, changing ocean conditions, or increased climate variability and the socio-environmental context of the coastal zone leads to vulnerable communities. The second chapter addresses adaptation strategies and tools, and gives some examples of their application around the world. The third chapter describes participative action research projects undertaken in New Brunswick and how this community based approach has enabled communities to increase their climate resilience.
This is a unique, extensively illustrated dictionary of terms, people, events, and dates spanning the entire history of medicine. It is a monumental work of scholarship totaling some 700 double-column pages with a large number of rare and exceptional illustrations from many original sources painstakingly compiled over years of far-searching inquiry involving more than 5,000 books and hundreds of journals. It is a major resource of hard-to-find information about notable medical figures, instruments, conditions, procedures, and dates and a storehouse of captivating anecdotes and background material. The book contains a wealth of material for concise historical introductions to a broad range of subjects and is the sine qua non authority on both well and little known facts of medical history. With this single volume-an unprecedented tour de force representing more than 7,000 hours of exhaustive research-clinicians and researchers from all fields of medicine can quickly and easily find authoritative, detailed definitions and descriptions, with dates, of medical terms and of the people and events contributing to the development of medicine from earliest times to the present day. The entries range widely from such as abacterial pyuria to zygote, including Latin and Greek origins of terms, compact biographies with dates, eponymic information of all kinds, and rarely seen drawings and photographs of antique medical instruments and little-known conditions.
When the Nazis came to power, they used various strategies to expel German Jews from social, cultural, and economic life. Fighter, Worker, and Family Man focuses on the gendered experiences and discrimination that German-Jewish men faced between 1933 and 1941. Sebastian Huebel argues that Jewish men’s gender identities, intersecting with categories of ethnicity, race, class, and age, underwent a profound process of marginalization that destabilized accustomed ways of performing masculinity. At the same time, in their attempts to sustain their conceptions of masculinity these men maintained agency and developed coping strategies that prevented their full-scale emasculation. Huebel draws on a rich archive of diaries, letters, and autobiographies to interpret the experiences of these men, focusing on their roles as soldiers and protectors, professionals and breadwinners, and parents and husbands. Fighter, Worker, and Family Man sheds light on how the Nazis sought to emasculate Jewish men through propaganda, the law, and violence, and how in turn German-Jewish men were able to defy emasculation and adapt – at least temporarily – to their marginalized status as men.
Owners impose usage restrictions on their information, which can be based e.g. on privacy laws, copyright law or social conventions. Often, information is processed in complex constellations without central control. In this work, we introduce technologies to formally express usage restrictions in a machine-interpretable way as so-called policies that enable the creation of decentralised systems that provide, consume and process distributed information in compliance with their usage restrictions.
This fourth collection by Sebastian Brock focuses on three areas: the christology of the Church of the East, with the argument that the traditional characterisation of this Church as 'Nestorian' is not only unsatisfactory, but also thoroughly misleading; the distinctive phraseology of the invocations to the Holy Spirit in the Syriac liturgical tradition, hearkening back to Jewish roots; and two important early Commentaries on the Liturgy.
Die Studie nährt sich der Refutatio omnium haeresium „Hippolyts von Rom“ von gänzlich neuer Perspektive an. Sie bietet eine detaillierte Analyse der Gattung der Schrift, die als Werbeschrift für das Christentum identifiziert wird. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt in der Herausarbeitung der Intention und Arbeitsmethode ihres Verfassers vor dem Hintergrund der Methode kaiserzeitlicher Autoren. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie der Verfasser seine Vorlagen kreativ für seine Bedürfnisse verändert und zusammenstellt. Durchgänge durch das Sondergut lassen es wahrscheinlich werden, dass dieses ein weitgehendes literarisches Produkt des Verfassers ist. Eine umfangreiche Untersuchung der sog. Peraten, die Strukturanalyse und gründliche inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung verbindet, schließt sich an. The study approaches the Refutatio omnium haeresium by "Hippolytus of Rome" from a completely new perspective. It offers a detailed analysis of the genre of the writing, which is identified as a protreptikos, a promotional writing for Christianity. One focus is the elaboration of the intention and working method of its author against the background of the method of authors of the imperial period. It is shown how the author creatively changes and compiles his original sources to suit his needs. Passages through the special material make it likely that it is largely a literary product of the author. This is followed by an extensive study of the so-called Peratics, which combines structural analysis and thorough examination of content.
This book explores commodification processes of personal data and provides a critical framing of the ongoing debate of privacy in the Internet age, using the example of social media and referring to interviews with users. It advocates and expands upon two main theses: First, people’s privacy is structurally invaded in contemporary informational capitalism. Second, the best response to this problem is not accomplished by invoking the privacy framework as it stands, because it is itself part of the problematic nexus that it struggles against. Informational capitalism poses weighty problems for making the Internet a truly social medium, and aspiring to sustainable privacy simultaneously means to struggle against alienation and exploitation. In the last instance, this means opposing the capitalist form of association – online and offline.
Sebastian Görg introduces social workflows as a new application domain for Process-Aware Information Systems and draws the design of a social workflow platform that enables private individuals to make use of workflow technology in their everyday lives. Whenever a group of persons works together on a challenging or multifaceted task, a social workflow begins. In textual form, such social workflows are already described and shared in various Internet communities which provide experiential knowledge for achieving different goals, in areas like home repair, vacation trips and computer troubleshooting. The envisioned platform enables its users to construct social workflows according to their specific needs, to share them with a community and to keep track of the execution.
On the eve of the financial crisis, the USA was inhabited by almost 70 percent homeowning households, in comparison to about 45 percent in Germany. Homeownership, Renting and Society presents new evidence showing that this homeownership gap already existed between American and German cities around 1900. Existing explanations based on culture, government housing policy or typical socio-economic factors have difficulties in accounting for these long-term cross-country differences. Using historical case studies on Germany and the USA, the book identifies three institutional domains on the supply-side of the housing market – urban land, housing finance and construction – that set countries on different housing trajectories and subsequently established differences that were hard to reverse in later periods. Further chapters generalize the argument across other OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and extend the explanation to cover historical differences in homeownership ideology and horizontal property institutions. This enlightening volume also puts forward path-dependence theories in housing studies, connects housing with vast urban-history and political-economy literature and offers comprehensive insights about the case of a tenant’s country which contradicts the tendency towards universal homeownership. Providing an all-new historic-institutionalist explanation of the German–American homeownership gap, this title will be of interest to postgraduate students and scholars interested in fields including: Housing Studies, Sociology, Urban History, Political Economy, Social Policy and Geography. It may also be of interest to those working in housing field organizations and ministries.
Pop stars are close to us. In their songs, their pictures, their stories on Instagram. What we are looking for is an authentic impression. Real feelings on real faces. But what happens when they cover their face with a mask? Permanently, as a second face. The phenomenon can be found in the mainstream as well as in the underground. The mask does not break with the ideal of authenticity. Rather, depending on how it is staged, it refers to the most diverse discourses, can appear cool or grotesque, become a logo or create anonymity. The essay uses mainly two examples (Sido, Slipknot) to show how the mask constructs the persona of pop stars - and thus reveals structures of pop music.
In his commentary on Hosea, H. W. Wolff proposed that the divine marriage metaphor is the central metaphor of the entire OT. In Hebrew prophetic books, the metaphor reflected the covenantal relationship between Yahweh and his people. No other metaphor reached as deeply into the heart of this relationship or better described the tragedy of a broken relationship between Yahweh and his people. No other metaphor expressed more fully the abundance of God's grace shown in the promise of covenant restoration and renewal in the eschaton. In this volume, Polish Reformed academic Sebastian Smolarz demonstrates that the divine marriage metaphor is also one of the leading NT metaphors used to describe God's restored covenant relationship with his people, especially in the Book of Revelation. Smolarz argues for continuity between OT and NT concepts and theologies in general, and for continuity between the Apocalypse and OT material in particular, showing that the Apocalypse has much in common with other parts of the NT. In doing so, he focuses on some Gospel parables and reads them against their OT background. He also examines instances of the divine marriage metaphor in Paul's theological reflections. The focus of Smolarz' volume is a covenantal reading of the Apocalypse. He argues that the metaphor helps to establish the Apocalypse's Sitz im Leben, which he relates to the main conflict between the faithful and the unfaithful within the people of God in the first century CE. His work establishes that the Apocalypse contains not only explicit instances, but also implicit references and many echoes of this covenantal metaphor.
The architectures (three-dimensional shapes) of peptides determine their respective biological functions. Therefore, the correct alignment of functionalities in a structure by constraining the flexibility is a key process in evolution as well as in medicinal chemistry in order to increase binding affinity and selectivity. The rigidification of a peptide chain can have local effects (incorporation of the amino acid proline) or it can globally restrain flexibility (macrocyclization). Furthermore, the combination of both strategies has given rise to complex antibiotics with highly optimized modes of action. This work approaches these principles in three topics and for different purposes. The first chapter presents a novel scanning strategy which utilizes synthetic local rigidifications for the evaluation of Neuropeptide Y structure and receptor binding patterns. The fundamental process of macrocyclization is topic of the second chapter. For iminopeptides, ring-chain equilibria can be established and controlled, thereby allowing for the thermodynamic analysis of the ring closure. This leads to the identification of structural determinants that influence the inclination of a peptide chain to close the ring. In the third chapter, a sugarbased synthetic pathway leading to highly functionalized thiazole dipeptides is described. This strategy led to the synthesis of core motivs of complex thiopeptide antibiotics, as well as to diastereomers and homologs thereof.
A media history of the material and infrastructural features of networking practices, a German classic translated for the first time into English. Nets hold, connect, and catch. They ensnare, bind, and entangle. Our social networks owe their name to a conceivably strange and ambivalent object. But how did the net get into the network? And how can it reasonably represent the connectedness of people, things, institutions, signs, infrastructures, and even nature? The Connectivity of Things by Sebastian Giessmann, the first media history that addresses the overwhelming diversity of networks, attempts to answer all these questions and more. Reconstructing the decisive moments in which networking turned into a veritable cultural technique, Giessmann takes readers below the street to the Parisian sewers and to the Suez Canal, into the telephone exchanges of Northeast America, and on to the London Underground. His brilliant history explains why social networks were discovered late, how the rapid rise of mathematical network theory was able to take place, how improbable the invention of the internet was, and even what diagrams and conspiracy theories have to do with it all. A primer on networking as a cultural technique, this translated German classic explains everything one ever could wish to know about networks.
This book examines the European discussion about alternative schooling in the 20th century. It refers to a stream of concepts that are often described as New Education, Progressive Education, Education Nouvelle or Reformpädagogik, and discusses a range of different models of alternative schooling. Exploring the works of a range of continental educational philosophers, including Lietz, Blonsky, Kerschensteiner, Freinet, Decroly and Petersen, the book offers a unique insight into texts not yet translated into English. These educational models are presented with regards to the biographical background of the authors; the crucial elements of their construction; the historical interconnections between schooling, society and culture; and finally their connection to today’s discussions in educational sciences. The book will be highly relevant for researchers and advanced students working on the theory, history and practice of schooling, particularly those with a focus on alternative schooling and the philosophy of education.
Presents a clear, deep and accessible overview of the philosophical, developmental and educational foundations of Rudolf Steiner/Waldorf education - as a dynamic, adaptable, creative process for which a profound sense of the uniqueness of each child is foundational.
Explore Indian policy and practice on aging from a variety of perspectives! This pathbreaking collection provides something that has been missing in the literature on aging in India, especially for non-Indian audiences: studies of various aspects of aging in India combined with analyses of current policies, policy trends and recommendations. You'll examine aging issues from a variety of perspectivesdemographic foundations, social and family relations, economics, health and disability, current interventions, and advocacy and policy. An Aging India also provides you with up-to-date references, explanations of differences and similarities within India's diverse population, examples of programs in various settings including a geriatric hospital, a major NGO, and old-age homes, and an overview of the development of India's national policy on aging. Where appropriate, comparisons with U.S. policy approaches are noted. An Aging India: Perspectives, Prospects, and Policies examines: the demography of aging in India the current state of research on aging, and the pitfalls associated with that research income, poverty, and the problems created by the lack of any widespread retirement income system in India the health status of Indian elders and what their healthcare prospects are the situation for the disabled elderly in India elder abuse in the Indian context social networks and grassroots organizations for seniors in India the role of Indian geriatric hospitals and old-age homes The insights of the top researchers and practitioners who contributed to An Aging India: Perspectives, Prospects, and Policies will strike home with their counterparts around the world. Make this book a part of your professional/teaching collection today!
How and why do transnational regulatory bodies emerge? How do they acquire the authority and confidence to be actors in their own right? These questions preoccupy scholars in many disciplines and Sebastian Botzem's The Politics of Accounting Regulation makes an important contribution to the debates. Focusing on the case of the International Accounting Standards Board over a critical period of its development including the financial crisis Botzem addresses its evolution as an organization which produces accounting standards and whose efforts to be outside politics are inevitably and irredeemably political in nature. This book is essential reading for sociologists, political scientists, accountants and anyone else interested in the organization of global governance.' Michael Power, London School of Economics, UK The financial crisis underlines the relevance of accounting standards as much more than instrumental rules for corporate reporting. This important book outlines the accounting standards that embody societal and professional values and contribute to the distribution of financial benefits that put international harmonization of standards into the limelight. Sebastian Botzem reveals that international standards have emerged after decades of contest and political bargaining which resulted in closely aligned standards, voluntary consultation procedures and a network structure comprising actors mainly stemming from global auditing firms, regulators and international organizations.
We live in a world of science. Yet this is impossible without a legally guaranteed freedom to practise it. Findings with regard to the elements of such freedom can be deduced from an analysis of international and domestic provisions and principles. There are a plethora of international institutions, legal rules and global norms for the purpose of the international governance of science. The institutions and rules are to be interpreted in light of this freedom to guarantee the continuous existence of the knowledge-based society by means of a global administrative law of science. These aspects were analysed in a research project funded by the German Research Foundation. The book’s purpose is to present the jurisprudential results. In addition, empirical results are collected in a freely available database. The study is composed of 5 parts: The Concept of Science/Global Administrative Law/Constitutional Basis: The Freedom of Science/Institutional Design/Governance Mechanisms.
“A gripping fly-on-the-wall story of the rise of this unique and important industry based on extensive interviews with some of the most successful venture capitalists.” - Daniel Rasmussen, Wall Street Journal “A must-read for anyone seeking to understand modern-day Silicon Valley and even our economy writ large.” -Bethany McLean, The Washington Post "A rare and unsettling look inside a subculture of unparalleled influence.” —Jane Mayer "A classic...A book of exceptional reporting, analysis and storytelling.” —Charles Duhigg From the New York Times bestselling author of More Money Than God comes the astonishingly frank and intimate story of Silicon Valley’s dominant venture-capital firms—and how their strategies and fates have shaped the path of innovation and the global economy Innovations rarely come from “experts.” Elon Musk was not an “electric car person” before he started Tesla. When it comes to improbable innovations, a legendary tech VC told Sebastian Mallaby, the future cannot be predicted, it can only be discovered. It is the nature of the venture-capital game that most attempts at discovery fail, but a very few succeed at such a scale that they more than make up for everything else. That extreme ratio of success and failure is the power law that drives the VC business, all of Silicon Valley, the wider tech sector, and, by extension, the world. In The Power Law, Sebastian Mallaby has parlayed unprecedented access to the most celebrated venture capitalists of all time—the key figures at Sequoia, Kleiner Perkins, Accel, Benchmark, and Andreessen Horowitz, as well as Chinese partnerships such as Qiming and Capital Today—into a riveting blend of storytelling and analysis that unfurls the history of tech incubation, in the Valley and ultimately worldwide. We learn the unvarnished truth, often for the first time, about some of the most iconic triumphs and infamous disasters in Valley history, from the comedy of errors at the birth of Apple to the avalanche of venture money that fostered hubris at WeWork and Uber. VCs’ relentless search for grand slams brews an obsession with the ideal of the lone entrepreneur-genius, and companies seen as potential “unicorns” are given intoxicating amounts of power, with sometimes disastrous results. On a more systemic level, the need to make outsized bets on unproven talent reinforces bias, with women and minorities still represented at woefully low levels. This does not just have social justice implications: as Mallaby relates, China’s homegrown VC sector, having learned at the Valley’s feet, is exploding and now has more women VC luminaries than America has ever had. Still, Silicon Valley VC remains the top incubator of business innovation anywhere—it is not where ideas come from so much as where they go to become the products and companies that create the future. By taking us so deeply into the VCs’ game, The Power Law helps us think about our own future through their eyes.
This book examines US naval strategy and the role of American seapower over three decades, from the late 20th century to the early 21st century. This study uses the concept of seapower as a framework to explain the military and political application of sea power and naval force for the United States of America. It addresses the context in which strategy, and in particular US naval strategy and naval power, evolves and how US naval strategy was developed and framed in the international and national security contexts. It explains what drove and what constrained US naval strategy and examines selected instances where American sea power was directed in support of US defense and security policy ends – and whether that could be tied to what a given strategy proposed. The work utilizes naval capstone documents in the framework of broader maritime conceptual and geopolitical thinking, and discusses whether these documents had lasting influences in the strategic mind-set, the force structure, and other areas of American sea power. Overall, this work provides a deeper understanding of the crafting of US naval strategy since the final decade of the Cold War, its contextual and structural framework setting, and its application. To that end, the work bridges the gap between the thinking of American naval officers and planners on the one hand and academic analyses of Navy strategy on the other hand. It also presents the trends in the use of naval force for foreign policy objectives and into strategy-making in the American policy context. This book will be of much interest to students of naval power, maritime strategy, US national security and international relations in general.
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