Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems presents proven methods for supplying uninterrupted, high-quality electrical power at a reasonable price to the consumer. Illustrating the evolution of the power market from a monopoly to an open access system, this essential text: Covers voltage stability analysis of longitudinal power supply systems using an artificial neural network (ANN) Explains how to improve performance using flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) Takes into account operating constraints as well as generation cost, line overload, and congestion for expected and inadvertent loading stress Goes beyond FACTS and HVDC to provide multi-objective optimization algorithms for the deregulated power market Proposes the use of stochastic optimization techniques in the smart grid, preparing the reader for future development Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems offers practical solutions for improving stability, reliability, and efficiency in real-time systems while optimizing electricity cost.
This volume is a collection of six papers on the use of auxiliary information and a priori values in construction of improved estimators. The work included here will be of immense application for researchers and students who employ auxiliary information in any form.
1.1 Overview of Lab-on-Chip Laboratory-on-Chip (LoC) is a multidisciplinary approach used for the miniaturization, integration and automation of biological assays or procedures in analytical chemistry [1–3]. Biology and chemistry are experimental sciences that are continuing to evolve and develop new protocols. Each protocol offers step-by-step laboratory instructions, lists of the necessary equipments and required biological and/or chemical substances [4–7]. A biological or chemical laboratory contains various pieces of equipment used for performing such protocols and, as shown in Fig. 1.1, the engineering aspect of LoC design is aiming to embed all these components in a single chip for single-purpose applications. 1.1.1 Main Objectives of LoC Systems Several clear advantages of this technology over conventional approaches, including portability, full automation, ease of operation, low sample consumption and fast assays time, make LoC suitable for many applications including. 1.1.1.1 Highly Throughput Screening To conduct an experiment, a researcher fills a well with the required biological or chemical analytes and keeps the sample in an incubator for some time to allowing the sample to react properly. Afterwards, any changes can be observed using a microscope. In order to quickly conduct millions of biochemical or pharmacolo- cal tests, the researchers will require an automated highly throughput screening (HTS) [8], comprised of a large array of wells, liquid handling devices (e.g., mic- channel, micropump and microvalves [9–11]), a fully controllable incubator and an integrated sensor array, along with the appropriate readout system.
Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems presents proven methods for supplying uninterrupted, high-quality electrical power at a reasonable price to the consumer. Illustrating the evolution of the power market from a monopoly to an open access system, this essential text: Covers voltage stability analysis of longitudinal power supply systems using an artificial neural network (ANN) Explains how to improve performance using flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) Takes into account operating constraints as well as generation cost, line overload, and congestion for expected and inadvertent loading stress Goes beyond FACTS and HVDC to provide multi-objective optimization algorithms for the deregulated power market Proposes the use of stochastic optimization techniques in the smart grid, preparing the reader for future development Electricity Pricing: Regulated, Deregulated and Smart Grid Systems offers practical solutions for improving stability, reliability, and efficiency in real-time systems while optimizing electricity cost.
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