This review covers work published in the calendar year 2012. Novel reaction chemistry and new ring synthetic methods for pyrans, [1]benzopyrans, dihydro[1]benzopyrans (chromenes, chromans), [2]benzopyrans, dihydro[2]benzopyrans (isochromenes, isochromans), pyranones, coumarins, chromones, xanthenes, xanthones, thiopyrans, dioxins, dioxanes, trioxanes, tetraoxanes, dithianes, trithianes, and oxathianes are reviewed.
This work covers the pathophysiology of cancer, exploring the difficulty of optimal treatment due to the complexity and diversity of cancer types. The search for distinctive molecular biology characteristics of tumor cells is especially relevant in the identification of overexpressed receptors and proteins that can be used as a target for cancer treatment. We highlight the main therapeutic modalities, particularly conventional systemic chemotherapy, addressing its mechanisms of action, therapeutic classes and even the toxic effects. We also describe the main tumor markers, their importance in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and the specificity of tumor cells. The first chapters serve as an introduction to the central topic of this book, targeted therapy. Key aspects of target therapy, such as classes of drugs, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are presented, and, for each one, the benefits, as well as the adverse effects are reported. Chapter 6 compares conventional systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, identifies the risks and benefits and also the eligibility criteria for patient care. The possibility of targeted therapy replacing conventional chemotherapy is discussed while reviewing studies that demonstrate the benefits of combining both types of treatment. Finally, the introduction of pharmaceutical nanotechnology to improve antineoplastic agents is addressed in the last chapter and sets the direction for future research in cancer treatment. This is a valuable resource for many health professionals including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, researchers and students interested in the field of oncology.
The first coffee of the day is a make-or-break moment. A robust, flavorful cup can clear the mind, cheer the soul, and boost self-confidence. A watery, bitter brew almost guarantees gloom. More than one billion people start their day by drinking a cup of coffee, making it the most popular drink worldwide, after water, and the coffee industry second in the worldwide economy, after oil. However, most people still consider coffee a guilty pleasure. One reason is that many think coffee contains only caffeine and is detrimental to health. In fact, coffee is far more than caffeine-it contains a complex mixture of bioactive compounds that can affect health positively, such as antioxidants, minerals, niacin, and lactones. This book debunks the myths surrounding coffee and proves that coffee in moderation can actually prevent many diseases. Extensive research has been conducted in the last twenty years, but the findings have been relegated to highly specialized journals which are inaccessible to most readers. Now, coffee drinkers rejoice-this book articulates the massive body of research that's been done in a way that everyone can understand and enjoy! Coffee has been and continues to be an important part of human history-economically, physiologically, and socially. It is the favorite drink of many celebrities and innovators, such as Britney Spears, Halle Berry, Jennifer Jones, Bill Gates, Robin Williams, Kevin Spacey, Jon Stewart, Dave Chapelle, and Madonna, as well as numerous historical figures, like Benjamin Franklin, Napoleon, Lord Byron, Chopin, Bach, Beethoven, Voltaire, Casanova, Goethe, Hemingway, Picasso, Balzac, and Wyatt Earp. There are lots of reasons to drink coffee every day, as the millions of customers who flock to coffeehouses to order a "special," double espresso or latte will attest. Wake up, smell and read all about coffee. 101 Reasons to Drink Coffee without Guilt provides an accessible, engaging, and illuminating exploration of this beloved beverage. Better than this book, only a coffee talk with the doc.
Who decides which stories about a city are remembered? How do interpretations of the past shape a city’s present and future? In this book, Andreza Aruska de Souza Santos discusses notions of power and national identity by examining how nation-states negotiate the preservation of urban spaces and how a city interprets, resists, and consents to the functions and meanings that it has inherited and that it reinvents for itself. Looking at the Brazilian city of Ouro Preto, de Souza Santos applies fine-grained ethnography and historical analysis to discuss the limits of Brazil’s imagery of social harmony and participatory democracy amid continuous inequality.
Modern state law excludes populations, peoples, and social groups by making them invisible, irrelevant, or dangerous. In this book, Boaventura de Sousa Santos offers a radical critique of the law and develops an innovative paradigm of socio-legal studies which is based on the historical experience of the Global South. He traces the history of modern law as an abyssal law, or a kind of law that is theoretically invisible yet implements profound exclusions in practice. This abyssal line has been the key procedure used by modern modes of domination – capitalism, colonialism, and patriarchy – to divide people into two groups, the metropolitan and the colonial, or the fully human and the sub-human. Crucially, de Sousa Santos rejects the decadent pessimism that claims that we are living through 'the end of history'. Instead, this book offers practical, hopeful alternatives to social exclusion and modern legal domination, aiming to make post-abyssal legal utopias a reality.
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