For every story of optimism about the growth of medical tourism to India, there are multiple others about medical neglect. Scratch the surface and you find a thick layer of corruption in this life-sustaining sector. This hard-hitting volume shows a mirror to society and, more specifically, to those associated with the health sector—on how healers, in many cases, are shifting shape to becoming predators. In the essays by contributors from within and outside the medical fraternity, we see the many faces, the many facets of corruption—from exorbitant billing by corporate hospitals to the non-merit-based selection in medical colleges to questionable motives playing strong in the area of organ transplantation. But Healers or Predators? is not only about the illness affecting the sector. It also offers solutions, and some stories of hope. The Foreword by Amartya Sen is an added bonus. ‘This splendid, if depressing, book will do a lot to remedy [the] momentous neglect [of healthcare]. We have excellent reasons to be grateful to the authors and editors of this important collection of investigative studies.’—Amartya Sen
In easy-to-read, user-friendly language, Preventing Hospital Infections leads readers through a step-by-step description of a quality improvement intervention as it might unfold in a model hospital, pinpointing the likely obstacles and offering practical strategies for how to surmount them. The text draws on the extensive personal clinical experience of the authors, including examples, anecdotes, and down-to-earth, practical guidance.
I can see where you are going. Up shit creek...with a paddle.' He was right. That is where I was going. It was the kind of thing that my analyst had always warned me against: 'You are at an inflexion point in a mood to do the irrational and the irreverent.' He forgot irreversible. Harsh Sinha - 'Fat F**ked and Forty' - is so moved by a painting bearing this name and a compelling likeness to him that he spends a large chunk of his life's savings on it. Announcing a year-long sabbatical from his advertising job in Mumbai he returns to Chennai to his wife and daughter determined to spend quality time with them. Sadly, his wife Gayathri no longer wants him; she is more interested in the artist next door. The artist, Newton Kumaraswamy is an inveterate womanizer and a famous thief - his every work an ode to that acknowledged master Francis Newton Souza. With no job to turn to and no family to lean on Harsh returns to Mumbai to let himself freefall further into the seductive world of contemporary Indian art and artists... Sharp, rough, and written with biting candour, Artist, Undone is a beguiling narrative of one man?s understanding of the creation, the commerce and the critiquing of contemporary art. It is also a montage of lives changed ? mauled, redefined and occasionally redeemed ? by it.
From the basics to the most advanced quality of service (QoS) concepts, this all encompassing, first-of-its-kind book offers an in-depth understanding of the latest technical issues raised by the emergence of new types, classes and qualities of Internet services. The book provides end-to-end QoS guidance for real time multimedia communications over the Internet. It offers you a multiplicity of hands-on examples and simulation script support, and shows you where and when it is preferable to use these techniques for QoS support in networks and Internet traffic with widely varying characteristics and demand profiles.This practical resource discusses key standards and protocols, including real-time transport, resource reservation, and integrated and differentiated service models, policy based management, and mobile/wireless QoS. The book features numerous examples, simulation results and graphs that illustrate important concepts, and pseudo codes are used to explain algorithms. Case studies, basedon freely available Linux/FreeBSD systems, are presented to show you how to build networks supporting Quality of Service. Online support material including presentation foils, lab exercises and additional exercises are available to text adoptors.
The fascinating story of the network that made modern India The railways brought modernity to India. Its vast network connected the far corners of the subcontinent, making travel, communication and commerce simpler than ever before. Even more importantly, the railways played a large part in the making of the nation: by connecting historically and geographically disparate regions and people, it forever changed the way Indians lived and thought, and eventually made a national identity possible. This engagingly written, anecdotally told history captures the immense power of a business behemoth as well as the romance of train travel; tracing the growth of the railways from the 1830s (when the first plans were made) to Independence, Bibek Debroy and his co-authors recount how the railway network was built in India and how it grew to become a lifeline that still weaves the nation together. This latest volume in The Story of Indian Business series will delight anyone interested in finding out more about the Indian Railways.
The authors examine how the international trading system can be reformed to support efforts by poor countries to promote the well-being of their peoples.
What are the origins of the hostile environment against immigrants in the UK? Patel retells Britain's recent history in an often shocking account of state racism that still resonates today. In a series of post-war immigration laws from 1948 to 1971, arrivals from the Caribbean, Asia and Africa to Britain went from being citizens to being renamed immigrants. In the late 1960s, British officials drew upon an imperial vision of the world to contain what it saw as a vast immigration 'crisis' involving British citizens, passing legislation to block their entry. As a result, British citizenship itself was redefined along racial lines, fatally compromising the Commonwealth and exposing the limits of Britain's influence in world politics. Combining voices of so-called immigrants trying to make a home in Britain and the politicians, diplomats and commentators who were rethinking the nation, Ian Sanjay Patel excavates the reasons why Britain failed to create a post-imperial national identity. Chosen as a BBC History Magazine Book of the Year 2021 and shortlisted for the PEN Hessell-Tiltman Prize 2022
Section 1 Lipids in Endocrinology 1. Lipocrinology: Definition and Domains 2. Lipo-health and Endocrine System: Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Pituitary 3. Lipo-health and the Endocrine System: Adrenals 4. Lipo-health and the Endocrine System: Reproductive System 5. Lipo-health and the Endocrine System: Pancreas 6. Lipid-health as an Aid to Clinical Decision-making in Endocrinology 7. Dyslipidemia as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Endocrinology Section 2 Endocrine Aspects of Lipidology 8. Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ 9. Lipotoxicity and Diabetes Mellitus 10. The Asian Lipophenotype 11. Lipodystrophies: Endocrine Effects 12. Endovigilance in Lipid Disorders Section 3 Management Issues in Lipocrinology 13. Lipid-lowering Drugs in the Management of Endocrinopathy 14. Lipotropic Effects of Drugs Used in Endocrinology and Diabetes 15. Endocrine Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs 16. PCSK-9 Inhibitors: Endocrine Considerations Index
The life of a television journalist can often be described as full of thrills and the rush of providing ‘breaking news’ can be inimitable. Throwing a contentious question to then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on his visit to Chennai, escorting an NDTV colleague who had just survived an LTTE attack in Colombo, out of the Chennai Airport, edgy encounters with Boris Becker or humorous ones with Rahul Dravid or Vishwananthan Anand, My NDTV Days presents engaging details of the art of chasing news. At the core of Sanjay Pinto’s remarkable recounting of these interesting incidents, the life of a 24X7 journalist comes to the fore with all the unpredictable aspects of the profession.
This book analyses the current state and potential of economic and financial integration in South Asia, which has emerged as one of the most dynamic regions of the world. It looks at how regional convergences and cooperation would reinforce ties amongst the diverse economies of South Asia in the changing global economic landscape. Drawing on empirical research, the book looks at the degree of economic and financial integration in South Asia, which according to the World Bank includes the least integrated regions in the world, and explores the fundamental factors that drive integration amongst these countries. It offers important insights into the financial landscape of the region, as well as the dynamics of the interlinkages in the banking system, the stock markets, and the debt markets. The book examines the role of bilateral trade in augmenting regional economic ties, the opportunities for growth these will foster, and the major challenges and roadblocks for the leaders of the region. It also provides an overview of China’s role in South Asia’s financial integration and the interdependence of these economies for economic opportunities, macroeconomic and financial stability, jobs, sustainable growth, and inclusive development. Detailed and insightful, this book will be of great interest to investors and regional policymakers. It will also be of interest to researchers and students of economics, public and foreign policy, finance, international relations, and South Asia studies.
Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the world of work has undergone a lasting transformation. Individuals, organizations and institutions are seeking the right balance of workspace opportunities. Workers want to know how remote work can fit into their lives, and how the office can meet their needs. In The Workplace You Need Now: Shaping Spaces for the Future of Work, work environment executives and experts Dr. Sanjay Rishi, Benjamin Breslau and Peter Miscovich deliver a practical framework for how to plan, invest in and create effective digital/physical hybrid workplaces that are beginning to define the world of work. The book explores paths to creating new workplaces that drive the four C's of value: culture, collaboration, creativity, and community. It walks you through the design of custom, flexible, digitally integrated workplaces that manifest new ways of working, and attract tomorrow's top talent. You'll discover the personalized, responsible, and experiential workplace that individuals and organizations alike seek to encourage human interaction, and fuel creativity and growth. You’ll learn the path to the purposeful, resilient workplace that incorporates the emerging imperatives of health, wellness and environmental sustainability. Rich with examples from leading organizations from across the globe, The Workplace You Need Now is an indispensable resource for individuals, as well as businesses of all shapes and sizes trying to find the right solution that works for them right now.
An anthology of Haiku, Tanka, Shahai and free form Poetry. His third after, “Where Fires Rage” and “In One Breath”, he has compiled a worthy panoply of poems that verbalises emotions of human existence, juxtaposed with photos providing an extra dimension of interpretation that is relatable and enjoyable.
The Practical Guide to Building Reliable Networked Multiplayer Games Networked multiplayer games are a multibillion dollar business: some games now attract tens of millions of players. In this practical, code-rich guide, Joshua Glazer and Sanjay Madhav guide you through every aspect of engineering them. Drawing on their immense experience as both game developers and instructors, the authors lead you through building a robust multiplayer architecture, and creating every engine-level system. You’ll learn through in-depth working code examples for two complete games: an action game and a real time strategy (RTS) game. First, Madhav and Glazer review the essentials of networking and network programming from the standpoint of game developers. Next, they walk through managing game data transmission, updating game objects across the network, and organizing the devices that join your game. You’ll learn how to ensure reliable performance despite the Internet’s inherent inconsistencies, and how to design game code for maximum security and scalability. The authors conclude by addressing two increasingly crucial issues: incorporating gamer services and hosting your games in the cloud. This guide’s content has been extensively tested through the authors’ multiplayer game programming courses at USC. It is equally valuable both to students and to working game programmers moving into networked games. Coverage includes How games have evolved to meet the challenges of networked environments Using Internet communication protocols and standards in game development Working with Berkeley Socket, the most widely used networking construct in multiplayer gaming Formatting game data for efficient Internet transmission Synchronizing states so all players share the same world Organizing networking topologies for large-scale games Overcoming latency and jitter problems that cause delays or lost data Scaling games without compromising performance Combating security vulnerabilities and software cheats Leveraging the networking functionality of the popular Unreal 4 and Unity game engines Integrating gamer services such as matchmaking, achievements, and leaderboards Running game servers in the cloud About the Website C++ source code for all examples is available at github.com/MultiplayerBook. Instructors will also find a full set of PowerPoint slides and a sample syllabus.
This textbook addresses the three most important large-scale transformations that have reshaped India since 1989: the advent of liberal economic reform, the ascendance of Hindu cultural nationalism, and the empowerment of historically subordinate classes through popular democratic mobilizations.€Filling a gap in the literature, €it describes, explains and assesses the nexus between these central transformations in a rigorous and integrated manner.
Video Based Machine Learning for Traffic Intersections describes the development of computer vision and machine learning-based applications for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and the challenges encountered during their deployment. This book presents several novel approaches, including a two-stream convolutional network architecture for vehicle detection, tracking, and near-miss detection; an unsupervised approach to detect near-misses in fisheye intersection videos using a deep learning model combined with a camera calibration and spline-based mapping method; and algorithms that utilize video analysis and signal timing data to accurately detect and categorize events based on the phase and type of conflict in pedestrian-vehicle and vehicle-vehicle interactions. The book makes use of a real-time trajectory prediction approach, combined with aligned Google Maps information, to estimate vehicle travel time across multiple intersections. Novel visualization software, designed by the authors to serve traffic practitioners, is used to analyze the efficiency and safety of intersections. The software offers two modes: a streaming mode and a historical mode, both of which are useful to traffic engineers who need to quickly analyze trajectories to better understand traffic behavior at an intersection. Overall, this book presents a comprehensive overview of the application of computer vision and machine learning to solve transportation-related problems. Video Based Machine Learning for Traffic Intersections demonstrates how these techniques can be used to improve safety, efficiency, and traffic flow, as well as identify potential conflicts and issues before they occur. The range of novel approaches and techniques presented offers a glimpse of the exciting possibilities that lie ahead for ITS research and development. Key Features: Describes the development and challenges associated with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Provides novel visualization software designed to serve traffic practitioners in analyzing the efficiency and safety of an intersection Has the potential to proactively identify potential conflict situations and develop an early warning system for real-time vehicle-vehicle and pedestrian-vehicle conflicts
The book deals with the development of a methodology to estimate the motion field between two frames for video coding applications. This book proposes an exhaustive study of the motion estimation process in the framework of a general video coder. The conceptual explanations are discussed in a simple language and with the use of suitable figures. The book will serve as a guide for new researchers working in the field of motion estimation techniques.
Entrepreneurship Development's first edition is a comprehensive work relating to the issues in the field of entrepreneurship theory & developments.The book is intended to be used as a text for the students of B.B.A., B.Com. & other courses in Commerce & Management. The book covers the syllabus of Entrepreneurship Development & Social Entrepreneurship prescribed by the Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat.The book contains Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Motivation, Entrepreneurship Development, Women Entrepreneurship, Rural Entrepreneurship, Fundamentals of Social Entrepreneurship & Trends in Social Entrepreneurship
The purpose of this book is to introduce and demonstrate a new approach to supporting high-level decisions. This new methodology, the hybrid, interactive, multiple-attribute, exploratory process, combines multiple attribute decision making with exploratory to integrate expert opinion to evaluate diverse options, with the intent of generating useful insights. Education is the process of facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy. Traditional teaching is concerned with the teacher being the controller of the learning environment. Power and responsibility are held by the teacher and they play the role of instructor (in the form of lectures) and decision maker (in regards to curriculum content and specific outcomes). They regard students as having ‘knowledge holes’ that need to be filled with information. In short, the traditional teacher views that it is the teacher that causes learning to occur.
This book is a guide to the diagnosis and management of diabetes in children. Beginning with an overview of the disease and the effect of Type 1 diabetes on the growth and development of children, the next chapter explains clinical examination and laboratory investigations. The following sections provide in depth discussion on pharmacological and non-pharmacological managements techniques, and acute and chronic complications. The book concludes with the treatment of diabetes in special cases such as in neonates and infants, and a final section cover miscellaneous topics including genetics of Type 1 diabetes, and educational material for patients and their parents. This comprehensive text has been written in association with the Changing Diabetes® in Children (CDiC) program, providing care and life-saving medication for children with Type 1 diabetes in low and middle-income countries. Key points Comprehensive guide to the diagnosis and management of diabetes in children Covers both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment methods Includes discussion on special cases such as diabetes in neonates and infants Written in association with the CDiC program
Nanotechnology in Modern Animal Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications discusses the advancement of nanotechnologies in almost every field, ranging from materials science, to food, forensic, agriculture and life sciences, including biotechnology and medicine. Nanotechnology is already being harnessed to address many of the key problems in animal biotechnology, with future applications covering animal biotechnology (e.g. animal nutrition, health, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery). This book provides the tools, ideas and techniques of nanoscale principles to investigate, understand and transform biological systems. Nanotechnology provides the ability to manipulate materials at atomic and molecular levels and also arrange atom-by-atom on a scale of ~1–100 nm to create, new materials and devices with fundamentally new functions and properties arising due to their small scale. - Details the basics of nanotechnology, along with comprehensive information on the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of nanotechnology in biosensors - Provides recent perspectives and the challenges of nanomedicine - Provides new insights into the role nanomaterials can play in curing various diseases - Includes the most recent diagnostic methods, such as nanosensors
Written specifically for dentists, White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation 8th Edition incorporates over 1,500 high-quality radiographic images and illustrations to demonstrate core concepts and essential principles and techniques of oral and maxillofacial radiology. The new edition of this bestselling book delivers with state-of-the-art information on oral radiology principles and techniques, and image interpretation. Dental student will gain a solid foundation in radiation physics, radiation biology, and radiation safety and protection before introducing including specialized techniques such as MRI and CT. As well, students will learn how to recognize the key radiographic features of pathologic conditions and interpret radiographs accurately. The 8th edition also includes new chapters on Radiologic Anatomy, Beyond 3D Imaging, and Diseases Affecting the Structure of Bone. A practical guide to using today's technology, this unique text helps your students provide state-of-the-art care! - Over 1,500 high quality dental radiographs, full color photos, and illustrations clearly demonstrate core concepts and reinforce the essential principles and techniques of oral and maxillofacial radiology. - Updated Extensive coverage of all aspects of oral and maxillofacial radiology includes the entire predoctoral curriculum. - A wide array of radiographic images including advanced imaging such as MRI and CT. - An easy-to-follow format simplifies the key radiographic features of each pathologic condition, including location, periphery, shape, internal structure, and effects on surrounding structures — placed in context with clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management. - Expert contributors include many authors with worldwide reputations. - Case studies apply imaging concepts to real-world scenarios. - NEW! New editors Sanjay Mallya and Ernest Lam along with new contributors bring a fresh perspective on oral radiology. - NEW! Chapter! Beyond 3D Imaging introduces applications of 3D imaging such as stereolithic models. - NEW! Chapter Radiological Anatomy includes all radiological anatomy content allowing you to better visualize and understand normal appearances of structures on conventional and contemporary imaging, side-by-side. - NEW! Coverage of Diseases Affecting the Structure of Bone consolidated into one chapter to simplify foundational basic science information and its applications to radiologic interpretation.
Business process reengineering (BPR) focuses on redesigning the strategic and value-added processes which transcend the organizational boundaries. It is a cross-functional approach that requires support from almost all the departments of the organization. Business Process Reengineering: Automation Decision Points in Process Reengineering offers a new framework based process reengineering and links it to organization life cycle, process life cycle, and process management. This volume describes the fundamental concepts behind business process reengineering and examines them through case studies, and should appeal to researchers and academics interested in business process reengineering, operations strategy, and organizational restructuring and design.
This book provides a revamped, transformative, and fiscally sustainable developmental agenda for India to radically improve the well-being and livelihoods of its citizens. Grounded in a ‘people first’ approach, this alternative agenda focuses on seven vital development and inter-connected areas, including health, education, food and nutrition, child development, gender, livelihood and jobs, and urbanization. The volume highlights the systemic issues plaguing these sectors and offers pragmatic and implementable solutions to address them. The author takes cognizance of the COVID-19 pandemic and draws attention to the limitations of the current public policies and suggests cost-effective interventions and strategies that focus on the poor. The volume discusses crucial themes of universalizing healthcare, battling malnutrition and food insecurity, ensuring quality schooling, unshackling gendered mindsets, enhancing livelihoods and improving the urban quality of life to spell out a pragmatic and workable development agenda for India. Accessible and reader-friendly, the book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, public policy, governance, development policy, public administration, political studies, South Asia studies. It will also be of interest to professionals in the development sector.
Ferrites are ceramic, homogeneous materials composed of various oxides with iron oxide as their main constituent. Ferrites are a class of ceramic ferromagnetic materials that by definition can be magnetized to produce large magnetic flux densities in response to small applied magnetization forces. Further, ferrites are chemical compounds, ceramic with iron (III) oxide Fe2O3 as their principal components [1]. Ferrites are usually non-conductive ferrimagnetic ceramic compounds derived from iron oxides such as hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O4) as well as oxides of other metals. Ferrites are, like most other ceramics, hard and brittle. Many of them are magnetic materials and they are used to make permanent magnets, ferrite cores for transformers and in various other applications.
Today, with the pervasive impact of globalization and liberalization sweeping across the globe, exerting its influence on both the developed and the developing nations, business is no more confined to the national borders of a country. More and more companies are spreading their business to markets abroad (for example, Tata Consultancy Services and Infosys Technologies spreading their business to USA and elsewhere) or acquiring new companies (for instance, Tata acquiring the Corus and the Land Rover and Jaguar, or reversely, Vodafone acquiring Hutch). International business, therefore, has become such an important area of study for students of management and commerce. This comprehensive and easy-to-read text tries to lay bare the ramifications and complexities of international business. Divided into six sections, the book provides a harmonious blend of concepts and applications of international business. What distinguishes the text is the emphasis it lays on the Indian cases and the Indian scenario through the provision of many cases and illustrative examples. However, the book goes beyond the Indian context by giving international cases, thus imbuing the text with a global business flavour. Key Features The case studies discussed include the cases such as Tata Motors, Hindustan Unilever, Ranbaxy, McDonald, Nokia, Microsoft and Walt Disney. The opening case in each chapter introduces the students to a real-life example, followed by the text which provides the theoretical knowledge on the subject. The concluding case study correlates the theoretical knowledge with the real-life situation. Review questions are cited after every case study to check students’ comprehension of the subject. Primarily intended as a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Business Administration, MBA, MIB and postgraduate students of Commerce, the book would be of great value also to practising managers.
Pain Management is the first volume in the World Clinics: Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain series. It presents evidence-based reviews of current protocols in the management of pain. Beginning with an overview of pain and its mechanisms, the following sections examine different sources of pain and approaches for its management. Both acute and chronic pain are covered, as well as pain management in children and the elderly. Separate chapters are dedicated to non-pharmacotherapeutic management techniques including physiotherapy and yoga. With contributions from recognised international experts, this volume includes more than 100 full colour clinical photographs, illustrations and tables. Key points First volume in World Clinics: Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain series Presents evidence-based reviews of current protocols for pain management Covers acute and chronic pain and non-drug therapies Contributions from experts in the UK, USA, Europe and Asia Includes more than 100 full colour photographs, illustrations and tables
This atlas is a comprehensive guide to interventional pain management procedures. Divided into 11 sections, the book begins with an overview of the subject, covering radiological anatomy, common image-guided procedures, radiation protection, MRI, protocols, and more. Each of the following sections covers procedures for pain management in different parts on the body, including head and neck, cervical spine, chest and thorax, lumbosacral spine; as well as neuromodulation, and peripheral and sympathetic blocks. The final chapters examine ultrasound guided block and ultrasound guided dry needling. Presented in bullet point style, each topic follows a step by step approach, explaining indications, contraindications, equipment, and procedural techniques. Edited by recognised experts from India, the UK and the US, and with contributions from leading international experts, this book is highly illustrated with radiological images and figures. Access to procedural videos via a QR code is also included with the atlas.
Cities play a vital role in economic growth and prosperity. Sustainable development of cities largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure. In this context, the importance of transportation system is paramount. Urban transportation is probably the single most important component instrumental in shaping urban development and urban living. While urban areas may be viewed asengines of growth, urban transport is, figuratively and literally, the wheel of that engine. As cities expand to the point where walking can no longer satisfy the mobility requirements of the people, public transport becomes the major mode of transportation. Until recently the main function of public transport was to satisfy the individual needs of the less affluent members of the society. Now, it is requiredto attract all segments of the society to provide congestion relief and environmental preservation. Productivity improvement and efficiency in the public transport system must be concerned not only with keeping costs down, but also with providing a flexible framework within which all income groups can use public transport with confidence and convenience.
Come for a journey into the life of some of the most influential and pioneering scientist from India in the last century that have left lasting legacy in the progress of science, and the nation.
Why has history so often turned the economic and political hierarchy of nations topsy-turvy? This book examines the evidence of the last 500 years to challenge the two dominant narratives on the answers to this question. It argues that the explanation lies neither in the quality of institutions that societies possess nor in their capacities for technological innovation. What matters for the economic and political success of a country, it claims, is the interaction between current technological knowledge and global demand on the one hand and its geography and the population it inherits from its past on the other. Those societies succeed whose endowments best fit the requirements of current technology and world demand. It hardly matters who developed the technology. In the process of examining the patterns that inform the fates of nations over time, Reversals of Fortune charts the economic histories of Western Europe and Asia from the sixteenth century to the present day. A compelling tour de force, this book reshapes and rethinks global history. The volume will be a fascinating read for scholars of history and economics, especially economic history and human geography.
Budget literacy is defined as 'the ability to read, decipher, and understand public budgets to enable and enhance meaningful citizen participation in the budget process'. It is comprised of two main parts - (i) a technical understanding of public budgets, including familiarity with government spending, tax rates and public debt and; (ii) the ability to engage in the budget process, comprising of practical knowledge on day-to-day issues, as well as an elementary understanding of the economic, social and political implications of budget policies, the stakeholders involved and when and how to provide inputs during the annual budget cycle. Given that no international standards or guidelines have been established for budget literacy education to date, this book seeks to address this gap by taking stock of illustrative initiatives promoting budget literacy for youth in selected countries. The underlying presumption is that when supply-side actors in the budget process -- governments -- simplify and disseminate budget information for demand-side actors -- citizens -- this information will then be used by citizens to provide feedback on the budget. However, since citizens are often insufficiently informed about public budgets to constructively participate in budget processes one way to empower them and to remedy the problem of "budget illiteracy" is to provide budget-literacy education in schools to youth, helping them evolve into civic-minded adults with the essential knowledge needed for analyzing their government's fiscal policy objectives and measures, and the confidence and sense of social responsibility to participate in the oversight of public resources. This book elaborates on approaches, learning outcomes, pedagogical strategies and assessment approaches for budget literacy education, and presents lessons that are relevant for the development, improvement, or scaling up of budget literacy initiatives.
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