Sandeep Saxena's Books

Managing Budgetary Virements

By: Mr.Sandeep Saxena,Sami Ylaoutinen

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Virements are useful instruments of budget flexibility. If carried out transparently and within accepted limits, virements can promote expenditure efficiency. Large, unregulated virements can undermine budget credibility and the budget’s relevance as principal policy and financial planning instrument. This note defines virements, clarifies their purpose, and specifies what general and country-specific considerations should guide the design of a virement framework. The note argues that countries should design virement policies maintaining balance between their budget flexibility and accountability needs, and keeping in view the legal-cultural environment and the state of development of their public financial management.

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International Monetary Fund

Published Date

ISBN 10

1513509055

ISBN 13

9781513509051

Compiler Design

By: Sandeep Saxena | Rajkumar Singh Rathore

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Compiler Design

By: Sandeep Saxena | Rajkumar Singh Rathore

The book Compiler Design, explains the concepts in detail, emphasising on adequate examples. To make clarity on the topics, diagrams are given extensively throughout the text. Design issues for phases of compiler has been discussed in substantial depth. The stress is more on problem solving.

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431

Publisher

S. Chand Publishing

ISBN 10

8121998506

ISBN 13

9788121998505

Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®: Diabetic Retinopathy

By: Sandeep Saxena

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Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®: Diabetic Retinopathy

By: Sandeep Saxena

The aim of this book is to provide current concepts and a better understanding of diabetic retinopathy. This mini atlas will be useful to all postgraduate students, vitreoretinal specialists and practicing ophthalmologists. This book highlights all the essential aspects of the current diagnostic and treatment approaches in diabetic retinopathy in an excellent manner. The book covers epidemiology, pathogenesis, levels of diabetic retinopathy, fluorescein angiography, optic coherence tomography, ultrasonography, pharmacotherapy, laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surge. Findings of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), the Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS) and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have provided insights into the understanding and management of diabetic retinopathy.

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302

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JAYPEE BROTHERS PUBLISHERS

Published Date

ISBN 10

9350906783

ISBN 13

9789350906781

The Diary of a Snake Charmer

By: Sandeep Saxena

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The Diary of a Snake Charmer

By: Sandeep Saxena

“‘Utthisht Bharat,’ he said, and in that magical moment I felt that the river, the trees, and the sky…were saying, ‘Utthisht Bharat.’ I got up, never to look back or have doubts again.” Just as the Bharata of yore responded to the Lord’s call to rise up from dejection, to fulfill his glorious destiny, this modern day Bharat too rises up from the pits of despair and defeat, to set out steadily on his appointed path of duty. Bharat, an IITian, with a management degree from IIM, had a ‘successful’ innings in the corporate world, with overseas postings too. Having acquired a substantial bank balance, he has the urge to set up a business in rural India, which will bring greater profits to the farmers. Predictably, he is ruthlessly pushed out, and systematically ruined by the vested interests that feel threatened. Deep in despair, he gets help from a most unexpected quarter, a poor tribal snake charmer, known as Nagbaba… A gripping tale of how he comes out from the mires of debt and ruin, to rise up again, wiser but undeterred from his chosen path… A story of modern India, the two Indias of the cities and the villages… the urban, educated, elite youth with modern knowledge from science and technology, and the illiterate people of the forests, who have the wealth of wisdom passed down from centuries… the development of cities, which takes place at the cost of the proliferation of slums… the two different cultures that coexist in mutual wariness and mistrust…

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746

Publisher

Notion Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1945400927

ISBN 13

9781945400926

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

By: Garima Verma/Khusboo Saxena/Sandeep Saxena

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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

By: Garima Verma/Khusboo Saxena/Sandeep Saxena

Description:The book has been written in such a way that the concepts are explained in detail, giving adequate emphasis on examples. To make clarity on the topic, diagrams are given extensively throughout the text. Various questions are included the vary widely in type and difficulty to understand the text. The book discusses design issues for phases of Distributed System in substantial depth. The stress is more on problem solving. The students preparing for PHD entrance will also get benefit from this text, for them University questions are also given.Table Of Contents:Chapter 1 : Introduction To Distributed SystemChapter 2 : System ModelsChapter 3 : Theoretical FoundationChapter 4 : Distributed Mutual ExclusionChapter 5 : Distributed Deadlock DetectionChapter 6 : Agreement ProtocolChapter 7 : Distributed File SystemChapter 8 : Distributed Shared MemoryChapter 9 : Failure Recovery In Distributed SystemChapter 10 : Fault ToleranceChapter 11 : Transaction and Concurrency ControlChapter 12 : Distributed TransactionChapter 13 : Replication

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199

Publisher

BPB Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

9387284786

ISBN 13

9789387284784

Role of Birds in Transmitting Zoonotic Pathogens

By: Yashpal Singh Malik,Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton,Sandeep Ghatak,Souvik Ghosh

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Role of Birds in Transmitting Zoonotic Pathogens

By: Yashpal Singh Malik,Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton,Sandeep Ghatak,Souvik Ghosh

Zoonotic diseases pose a serious threat to global health and economy. Domestic and wild birds play crucial roles in transmission and spread of important zoonotic pathogens, with significant implications on human and avian health. Although zoonotic diseases have been extensively studied, information on various aspects of avian zoonotic pathogens have not been revisited or revised to any great extent. This book is a comprehensive and updated compilation of important zoonotic diseases that are transmitted by domestic and wild birds, and consists of 21 chapters that meticulously describe the (i) etiology and evolution, (ii) complex epidemiology, such as migration pathways in context of disease transmission, (iii) pathogenesis, (iv) clinical signs and necropsy findings, (v) diagnostics including latest molecular assays, and (vi) preventative and control strategies, with an emphasis on therapeutics and prophylaxis, of important zoonotic pathogens (bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral) of avian origin in humans and birds. Each chapter is aptly supported by interactive tables and figures, and features an updated reference section. This book aims to create awareness and enlighten students of veterinary and human medicine on the role of birds in zoonoses, and would serve as a useful reference for working veterinarians, human doctors, and public health experts.

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280

Publisher

Springer Nature

Published Date

ISBN 10

981164554X

ISBN 13

9789811645549

IS THAT YOU

By: KANCHARLA SAI SANDEEP & PRAGYA BHARTI

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IS THAT YOU

By: KANCHARLA SAI SANDEEP & PRAGYA BHARTI

A National Wide Project explores the transformative journeys of individuals and society as seen through the eyes of those closest to them. This in-depth examination of change offers a realistic and unparalleled perspective on the shaping of contemporary ideology. Through intimate personal stories, the book invites readers to reflect on the ways in which their own experiences and relationships shape their understanding of the world. As a model for future generations, this project provides a valuable reference for those seeking to understand the complexities of society and the human experience. Join us on a journey of discovery as we delve into the heart of transformation and uncover the realities that shape our world. "To wrap up as a National Wide Project, it's about the changes that were being found in their beloved ones which they haven't witnessed in both of their journeys. This would mould up an ideology of today's society. Hope this will place a prototype role for our upcoming generations.

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139

Publisher

DeepMisti Publication

Published Date

ISBN 10

9395875593

ISBN 13

9789395875592

SystemC Kernel Extensions for Heterogeneous System Modeling

A Framework for Multi-MoC Modeling & Simulation

By: Hiren Patel,Sandeep Kumar Shukla

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SystemC Kernel Extensions for Heterogeneous System Modeling

A Framework for Multi-MoC Modeling & Simulation

By: Hiren Patel,Sandeep Kumar Shukla

SystemC Kernel Extensions for Heterogeneous System Modeling is a result of an almost two year endeavour on our part to understand how SystemC can be made useful for system level modeling at higher levels of abstraction. Making it a truly heterogeneous modeling language and platform, for hardware/software co-design as well as complex embedded hardware designs has been our focus in the work reported in this book.

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194

Publisher

Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

1402080883

ISBN 13

9781402080883

Demand for New International Economic Order

By: Sandeep Chauhan

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Demand for New International Economic Order

By: Sandeep Chauhan

The emergence of the Demand for New International Economic Order as a result of growing discontent among the Third World countries due to global inequalities has been traced through recent history till present. The book also discusses the effect of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic manifestation of Communist Coopereration and the emergence of New Regional Economic Blocs like EU, NAFTA, SAPTA, APEC, etc.

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232

Publisher

M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Published Date

ISBN 10

8175330279

ISBN 13

9788175330276

Point-of-Care Technologies Enabling Next-Generation Healthcare Monitoring and Management

By: Sandeep Kumar Vashist,John H.T. Luong

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Point-of-Care Technologies Enabling Next-Generation Healthcare Monitoring and Management

By: Sandeep Kumar Vashist,John H.T. Luong

This book describes the emerging point-of-care (POC) technologies that are paving the way to the next generation healthcare monitoring and management. It provides the readers with comprehensive, up-to-date information about the emerging technologies, such as smartphone-based mobile healthcare technologies, smart devices, commercial personalized POC technologies, paper-based immunoassays (IAs), lab-on-a-chip (LOC)-based IAs, and multiplex IAs. The book also provides guided insights into the POC diabetes management software and smart applications, and the statistical determination of various bioanalytical parameters. Additionally, the authors discuss the future trends in POC technologies and personalized and integrated healthcare solutions for chronic diseases, such as diabetes, stress, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Each POC technology is described comprehensively and analyzed critically with its characteristic features, bioanalytical principles, applications, advantages, limitations, and future trends. This book would be a very useful resource and teaching aid for professionals working in the field of POC technologies, in vitro diagnostics (IVD), mobile healthcare, Big Data, smart technology, software, smart applications, biomedical engineering, biosensors, personalized healthcare, and other disciplines.

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238

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Springer

Published Date

ISBN 10

3030114163

ISBN 13

9783030114169

Design and Analysis of Algorithms

A Contemporary Perspective

By: Sandeep Sen,Amit Kumar

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Design and Analysis of Algorithms

A Contemporary Perspective

By: Sandeep Sen,Amit Kumar

The text covers important algorithm design techniques, such as greedy algorithms, dynamic programming, and divide-and-conquer, and gives applications to contemporary problems. Techniques including Fast Fourier transform, KMP algorithm for string matching, CYK algorithm for context free parsing and gradient descent for convex function minimization are discussed in detail. The book's emphasis is on computational models and their effect on algorithm design. It gives insights into algorithm design techniques in parallel, streaming and memory hierarchy computational models. The book also emphasizes the role of randomization in algorithm design, and gives numerous applications ranging from data-structures such as skip-lists to dimensionality reduction methods.

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396

Publisher

Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1108576893

ISBN 13

9781108576895

Practical Computing on the Cell Broadband Engine

By: Sandeep Koranne

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Practical Computing on the Cell Broadband Engine

By: Sandeep Koranne

Practical Programming in the Cell Broadband Engine offers a unique programming guide for the Cell Broadband Engine, demonstrating a large number of real-life programs to identify and solve problems in engineering, logic design, VLSI CAD, number-theory, graph-theory, computational geometry, image processing, and other subjects. Key features include: Numerous diagrams, mnemonics, tables, charts, code samples for making program development on the CBE as accessible as possible Comprehensive reading list for introductory material to the subject matter A website providing all source codes and sample-data for examples presented in this text.

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501

Publisher

Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

1441903089

ISBN 13

9781441903082

Low Power Interconnect Design

By: Sandeep Saini

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Low Power Interconnect Design

By: Sandeep Saini

This book provides practical solutions for delay and power reduction for on-chip interconnects and buses. It provides an in depth description of the problem of signal delay and extra power consumption, possible solutions for delay and glitch removal, while considering the power reduction of the total system. Coverage focuses on use of the Schmitt Trigger as an alternative approach to buffer insertion for delay and power reduction in VLSI interconnects. In the last section of the book, various bus coding techniques are discussed to minimize delay and power in address and data buses.

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Page Count

166

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Springer

Published Date

ISBN 10

1461413230

ISBN 13

9781461413233

In the Wonderland of Investment (FY 2016-17)

35th Edition

By: A.N. Shanbhag,Sandeep Shanbhag

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In the Wonderland of Investment (FY 2016-17)

35th Edition

By: A.N. Shanbhag,Sandeep Shanbhag

Helping you invest your money most profitably It's not easy to make the right investment decisions. First of all, there are so many investment avenues, each promising different returns and carrying different risks. To add further complexity, there is the fact that different investments are treated differently by the taxman; some attracting higher taxes, others enjoying tax concessions — and the tax laws keep changing all the time. Moreover, each person has his or her own unique financial needs and risk profile. What is tonic for one may prove to be poison for another. Equally, new avenues and instruments of investment keep arising and old ones setting on the horizons of the wonderland of investment. Some of the existing bright stars may suddenly become black holes. The interest rates have a habit of bobbing up and down. This will surely need a change in your portfolio mix. The bestselling book is packed with a wealth of investment information and guidance about the various investment avenues, their risks and profitability, and their tax implications. Not just that. Based on their 40-plus years of investment advisory expertise, the authors offer those rare insights that will truly help you invest your money most profitably. Part I: HOW TO AXE, NOT EVADE, TAX: Income Tax, Gift Tax Gone? Not Really! Salary & Perquisites. Retirement Benefits. Capital Gains. House Property, STT, CTT & DDT. Part II: HOW TO SELECT AND COLLECT THE MOST PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS: Public Provident Fund (PPF); National Pension System (NPS); National Savings Certificates; Post Office Small Savings Schemes; Insurance on Life; Mutual Funds; ULIP of Insurance Companies; Stocks and Shares; Futures and Options; RBI Savings Bonds; Bank Deposits; Company Fixed Deposits, and more.

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Page Count

250

Publisher

Vision Books

Published Date

ISBN 10

8170949831

ISBN 13

9788170949831

Renewal

Your Unexpected Role in Saving the Planet (2nd Edition)

By: Sandeep Nath

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Renewal

Your Unexpected Role in Saving the Planet (2nd Edition)

By: Sandeep Nath

Is the human race conclusively set for self-annihilation? As futurists prophesize, are we only decades away from extinguishing the planet? Or are we capable of changing this trajectory because of what YOU start today? Renewal is about how each one of us can: Renew ourselves at a body-mind-spirit level Renew our society and our environment and Renew the systems we operate with As of 2020, Renewal is critical, because it is our laxity that has led to the current state of rising personal illness, mindless lifestyles, social degeneration, environmental degradation, and overall moral decay. Written to serve as a practical guide for everyone’s day-to-day ‘karma,’ Renewal is set in the lives of a modern-day family. It is strung together by the charismatic Guru Pranachandra, whose discourse drives home the vital message: that the world is a mere 30 habits away from Renewal. Adopters of these habits will be the future Renewalists, who could well outnumber the Vegans, Buddhists, Technologists and Catholics in times to come. And it is these Renewalists who hold the key to save the world from annihilation.

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203

Publisher

Notion Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1648927017

ISBN 13

9781648927010

In the Wonderland of Investment (FY 2020-21)

39th Edition

By: A.N. Shanbhag,Sandeep Shanbhag

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In the Wonderland of Investment (FY 2020-21)

39th Edition

By: A.N. Shanbhag,Sandeep Shanbhag

HELPING YOU INVEST YOUR MONEY MOST PROFITABLY It's not easy to make the right investment decisions. First of all, there are so many investment avenues, each promising different returns and carrying different risks. To add further complexity, there is the fact that different investments are treated differently by the taxman; some attracting higher taxes, others enjoying tax concessions — and the tax laws keep changing all the time. Moreover, each person has his or her own unique financial needs and risk profile. What is tonic for one may prove to be poison for another. Equally, new avenues and instruments of investment keep arising and old ones setting on the horizons of the wonderland of investment. Some of the existing bright stars may suddenly become black holes. The interest rates have a habit of bobbing up and down. This will surely need a change in your portfolio mix. The bestselling book is packed with a wealth of investment information and guidance about the various investment avenues, their risks and profitability, and their tax implications. Not just that. Based on their 40-plus years of investment advisory expertise, the authors offer those rare insights that will truly help you invest your money most profitably. Part I: HOW TO AXE, NOT EVADE, TAX: Income Tax, Gift Tax Gone? Not Really! Salary & Perquisites. Retirement Benefits. Capital Gains. House Property, STT, CTT & DDT. Part II: HOW TO SELECT AND COLLECT THE MOST PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS: Public Provident Fund (PPF); National Pension System (NPS); National Savings Certificates; Post Office Small Savings Schemes; Insurance on Life; Mutual Funds; ULIP of Insurance Companies; Stocks and Shares; Futures and Options; RBI Savings Bonds; Bank Deposits; Company Fixed Deposits, and more.

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Page Count

319

Publisher

Vision Books

Published Date

ISBN 10

9386268426

ISBN 13

9789386268426

Comprehensive National Power

A Model for India

By: P K Singh,Y K Gera,Sandeep Dewan

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Comprehensive National Power

A Model for India

By: P K Singh,Y K Gera,Sandeep Dewan

In the book Comprehensive National Power A Model for India an attempt has been made to quantify and describe those attributes that most accurately portray India s capability to exert its national will. An effort has been made to access how various powers compared in this study could exert their national power to leverage the international environment to their national advantage. This study has been carried out in the backdrop of the rise and fall of countries and empires, and an assessment of the inbuilt longevity to power. This well researched book is a result of the project study allocated by Headquarters Army Training Command to the United Service Institution of India, New Delhi. This study is likely to be a foundational work for future studies on the subject. This would eventually lead to more awareness of the concept of Comprehensive National Power. As a result a national consensus is likely to emerge on the steps India would need to take to further hone its Comprehensive National Power in order to realise the national aspirations.

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254

Publisher

Vij Books India Pvt Ltd

Published Date

ISBN 10

938257350X

ISBN 13

9789382573500

Strategic Aspects of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

By: Dr. Sandeep Tare

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Strategic Aspects of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

By: Dr. Sandeep Tare

In this chapter researcher goes through the history, over all development of Indian pharmaceutical industry, constitution, structure and challenges in front of Indian pharmaceutical industry as a whole and regulatory frame work.Producing pharmaceuticals is complex requiring, reliable high quality supply of raw materials, technical expertise, stable supply of electricity, gas and other utilities. In addition to that adequate supply of human resources with PhD level scientist, process /regulatory expertise with an absolute infrastructure to produce pharmaceutical 's overall. These all means available now but when the first Indian pharmaceutical company M/s Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, which is still, exists today as one of 5 governments - owned drug manufacturers appeared in Calcutta (Now KOLKATA).

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280

Publisher

Lulu.com

Published Date

ISBN 10

0359085512

ISBN 13

9780359085514

Technology for Wine and Beer Production from Ipomoea batatas

By: Sandeep Kumar Panda

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Technology for Wine and Beer Production from Ipomoea batatas

By: Sandeep Kumar Panda

Purple sweet potato (PSP) is a special type of sweet potato with high concentration of anthocyanin pigment in the root. It is rich in starch, sugar, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants like phenolics, β-carotene, and has a strong prospect as substrate for alcoholic fermentation. The low cost of sweet potato and its prospective usage in the production of alcoholic beverages make it viable for commercialization. The book reviews the use of the roots of PSP for the production of three novel products, i.e. anthocyanin rich wine (red wine), herbal/medicinal sweet potato wine, and anthocyanin rich beer which have higher health benefit than other wines and beers. The book elucidates the use of novel technologies in the preparation of this non-conventional wine and beer, processing, biochemical and organoleptic quality of the finished products and health implications. It will be of interest to innovators, researchers and students. The novel technologies in wine and beer making described in the book will set a precedence for production of other alcoholic beverages from starchy sources.

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202

Publisher

CRC Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

042961599X

ISBN 13

9780429615993

Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices

5. Biofilms, Biomaterials, and Device-Related Infections

By: Paul Stoodley,Luanne Hall-Stoodley,Bill Costerton,Patrick DeMeo,Mark Shirtliff,Ellen Gawalt,Sandeep Kathju

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Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices

5. Biofilms, Biomaterials, and Device-Related Infections

By: Paul Stoodley,Luanne Hall-Stoodley,Bill Costerton,Patrick DeMeo,Mark Shirtliff,Ellen Gawalt,Sandeep Kathju

The initial design criteria in the choice of indwelling materials for medical and dental purposes may be pragmatic, and based on the necessary mechanical properties required to fashion a functional device. Orthopedic implants require strong materials for weight-bearing, and articulating surfaces such as joints require durability and resistance to wear. Stents and shunts require flexibility and patency, and sutures require a high tensile strength yet also must be flexible enough for intricate manipulation. As the devices became more sophisticated and developments in materials science provided more options for manufacture, implants are being used more frequently and with longer anticipated lifetimes. Concurrently, the design process increasingly incorporated biocompatibility and comfort into the design criteria. However, with longer lifetimes, the more frequent use of invasive surgical procedures involving indwelling devices and biologically-friendly materials, there has been a rise in the number of incidences of device-related infection. Urinary catheters have been estimated to account for 30% of all nosocomial infections [1]. Between 66 and 88% of these occur after urinary catheterization [2]. It is also reported that almost 100% of catheterized patients develop an infection in an openly draining indwelling catheter which has been in place for four days or more [2]. For some procedures, such as orthopedic joint arthroplasties, the diagnosed surgical site infection rates are relatively low (between 1% and 2%; [3]); however, the increasing number of patients undergoing joint-replacement surgery translates to large numbers of patients afflicted with the consequences of complicating infections per year. Furthermore, infection of artificial joints can be devastating, since oral or IV antibiotic therapy frequently fails to resolve the infection, with the only remaining course of action being surgical debridement or partial or total revision. These two examples, the first with very high numbers of patients but of lesser severity in terms of impact to the individual, and the second, low numbers but severe patient impact, reflect the incentive to pursue a third design criteria—that of infection resistance—into materials and devices [4]. In the following sections we will discuss the role of bacterial biofilms in infection, and the growing literature highlighting biofilms as an important cause of device-related infection.

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Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published Date

ISBN 10

0128076674

ISBN 13

9780128076675

Plan @ 1:100 Think @ 1: Infinity

The Secret of Being Immortal

By: Sandeep Ramakant Deshmukh

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Plan @ 1:100 Think @ 1: Infinity

The Secret of Being Immortal

By: Sandeep Ramakant Deshmukh

Have you ever wondered what the secret of being immortal could be? Ashish, Rohit, Rakesh, and the author (the commoners of todays era) are perplexed by the same question. Plan at 1:100 and Think at 1:Infinity is the story of an ordinary mans everyday journey to his workplace by the well-connected Mumbai railways and how his fellow commuters challenge him to search for an answer, which they could never figure outWhat did the legends of the world do that they didnt do? How did they become successful and left a mark in this world? What is their secret to being immortal? Through his pursuit for answering the question, the narrator researches many books and analyses his personal experience to finally conclude that, what all the legends do is just plan at 1:100 and think at 1: infinity. Surprisingly for the commuters, the secret to the answer lies right in their hands. Their cell phone, laptop, and an Rs1000 note is all it takes to reveal the answer to the all-important question of immortality. It teaches them to be successful and immortal in their endeavors by enlightening the spirit of humanity within.

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Partridge Publishing

Published Date

ISBN 10

1482812991

ISBN 13

9781482812992

How to Control the Fiscal Costs of Public-Private Partnerships

By: Mr.Timothy C Irwin,Samah Mazraani,Mr.Sandeep Saxena

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How to Control the Fiscal Costs of Public-Private Partnerships

By: Mr.Timothy C Irwin,Samah Mazraani,Mr.Sandeep Saxena

This note discusses what finance ministries can do to ensure that public-private partnerships (PPPs) are used wisely. By inviting private participation in infrastructure development and service provision, PPPs can help improve public services. Yet, strong governance institutions are needed to manage risks and avoid unexpected costs from PPPs. While in the short term, PPPs may appear cheaper than traditional public investment, over time they can turn out to be more expensive and undermine fiscal sustainability, particularly when governments ignore or are unaware of their deferred costs and associated fiscal risks. To use PPPs wisely governments should (1) develop and implement clear rules for their use; (2) identify, quantify, and disclose PPP risks and expected costs; and (3) reform budget and government accounting frameworks to capture all fiscal costs comprehensively.

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