This report estimates fossil fuel subsidies to be around USD 425 billion. Such subsidies represent large lost opportunities for governments to invest in renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. Removal of consumer subsidies can lead to carbon emission reductions (6 to 8 per cent by 2050 globally), Reductions that can be improved further with a switch or a "SWAP" towards sustainable energy. This report describes the scale and impact of fossil fuel subsidies on sustainable development. It describes the SWAP concept to switch savings made from fossil fuel subsidy reform, towards sustainable energy, energy efficiency and safety nets. The report provides potential SWAP outlines for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. "Making the Switch" was written for the Nordic Council Ministers by the Global Subsidies Initiative of IISD and Gaia Consulting.
This book provides an in-depth look into key political dynamics that obtain in a democracy without parties, offering a window into political undercurrents increasingly in evidence throughout the Latin American region, where political parties are withering. For the past three decades, Peru has showcased a political universe populated by amateur politicians and the dominance of personalism as the main party–voter linkage form. The study peruses the post-2000 evolution of some of the key Peruvian electoral vehicles and classifies the partisan universe as a party non-system. There are several elements endogenous to personalist electoral vehicles that perpetuate partylessness, contributing to the absence of party building. The book also examines electoral dynamics in partyless settings, centrally shaped by effective electoral supply, personal brands, contingency, and iterated rounds of strategic voting calculi. Given the scarcity of information electoral vehicles provide, as well as the enormously complex political environment Peruvian citizens inhabit, personal brands provide readymade informational shortcuts that simplify the political world. The concept of “negative legitimacy environments” is furnished to capture political settings comprised of supermajorities of floating voters, pervasive negative political identities, and a generic citizen preference for newcomers and political outsiders. Such environments, increasingly present throughout Latin America, produce several deleterious effects, including high political uncertainty, incumbency disadvantage, and political time compression. Peru’s “democracy without parties” fails to deliver essential democratic functions including governability, responsiveness, horizontal and vertical accountability, or democratic representation, among others.
In this book, Daina Sanchez examines how Indigenous Oaxacan youth form racial, ethnic, community, and national identities away from their ancestral homeland. Assumptions that Indigenous peoples have disappeared altogether, or that Indigenous identities are fixed, persist in the popular imagination. This is far from the truth. Sanchez demonstrates how Indigenous immigrants continually remake their identities and ties to their homelands while navigating racial and social institutions in the U.S. and Latin America, and, in doing so, transform notions of Indigeneity and push the boundaries of Latinidad. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork between Los Angeles, California and San Andrés Solaga, a Zapotec town in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, The Children of Solaga centers Indigenous ways of knowing and being in the world, and adds a much-needed transnational dimension to the study of Indigenous immigrant adaptation and assimilation. Sanchez, herself a diasporic Solagueña, argues that the lived experiences of Indigenous immigrants offer a unique vantage point from which to see how migration across settler-borders transforms processes of self-making among displaced Indigenous people. Rather than accept attempts by both Mexico and the U.S. to erase their Indigenous identities or give in to anti-Indigenous and anti-immigrant prejudice, Oaxacan immigrants and their children defiantly celebrate their Indigenous identities through practices of el goce comunal ("communal joy") in their new homes.
Cavernous, often cold, always dark, with the lingering smell of popcorn in the air: the experience of movie-going is universal. The cinematic experience in Mexico is no less profound, and has evolved in complex ways in recent years. Films like Y Tu Mama Tambien, El Mariachi, Amores Perros, and the work of icons like Guillermo del Toro and Salma Hayek represent much more than resurgent interest in the cinema of Mexico. In Screening Neoliberalism, Ignacio Sanchez Prado explores precisely what happened to Mexico's film industry in recent decades. Far from just a history of the period, Screening Neoliberalism explores four deep transformations in the Mexican film industry: the decline of nationalism, the new focus on middle-class audiences, the redefinition of political cinema, and the impact of globalization. This analysis considers the directors and films that have found international notoriety as well as those that have been instrumental in building a domestic market. Screening Neoliberalism exposes the consequences of a film industry forced to find new audiences in Mexico's middle-class in order to achieve economic and cultural viability.
This book proposes a new approach to the study of discourse in documentary film. It considers discourse as a basic factor of translation (as well as contexts, agents, and practices) and draws on the parallels between the disciplines of translating and documentary making to perform a discourse analysis of documentaries centering on migration. By relying on the concept of translation as a heuristic tool, the author highlights the discursive mechanisms of 18 documentaries on Latin American migration shown in the United States by the Public Broadcasting Service series POV between 1996 and 2018. This interdisciplinary approach facilitates a holistic analysis of documentary film discourse, while also raising awareness of positive discourses of migration. The book will be of interest to students and scholars involved in the study of discourse, translation, documentary, television, and migration.
Hispanics comprise one of America's largest business-minded, faith-based, culturally-conservative entities—and their numbers continue to grow. Long assumed to be aligned with the Democrats, Hispanics have been ignored by many Republicans. Noted Hispanic marketing expert and political commentator Leslie Sanchez passionately argues that Hispanics, after years of watching Democrats fail them, need to shift their bets to Los Republicanos or risk gambling away their political future. In her book, Sanchez debunks the cultural and political myths about Hispanics and Republicans alike. She also offers a look at today's changing Hispanic mindset and the new dynamic force that is rising.
The words you need, quickly and easily Especially designed for beginning learners, this dictionary will help you master the essential words of Spanish. Inside you'll find entries that include pronunciations and grammatical information in a clear, easy-to-understand format, as well as helpful example sentences to show each word in everyday context.
With some of the most significant levels of financial dollarization in the Western Hemisphere, Uruguay is characterized by extensive dollarization in both deposits and loans. While traditional factors like high inflation and substantial devaluations have been associated with such outcome, the enduring nature of dollarization in Uruguay also underscores the importance of structural elements. In formulating a holistic strategy to reduce dollarization, not only should there be an enhancement of the monetary policy framework aimed at maintaining low, stable inflation, but it should also consider the calibration of prudential policies such as currency-differentiated reserve requirements and foreign-currency credit repos.
Neural networks have become a well-established methodology as exempli?ed by their applications to identi?cation and control of general nonlinear and complex systems; the use of high order neural networks for modeling and learning has recently increased. Usingneuralnetworks,controlalgorithmscanbedevelopedtoberobustto uncertainties and modeling errors. The most used NN structures are Feedf- ward networks and Recurrent networks. The latter type o?ers a better suited tool to model and control of nonlinear systems. There exist di?erent training algorithms for neural networks, which, h- ever, normally encounter some technical problems such as local minima, slow learning, and high sensitivity to initial conditions, among others. As a viable alternative, new training algorithms, for example, those based on Kalman ?ltering, have been proposed. There already exists publications about trajectory tracking using neural networks; however, most of those works were developed for continuous-time systems. On the other hand, while extensive literature is available for linear discrete-timecontrolsystem,nonlineardiscrete-timecontroldesigntechniques have not been discussed to the same degree. Besides, discrete-time neural networks are better ?tted for real-time implementations.
This book examines the trends, determinants, and impacts of migration of high-skilled workers within the European Union (EU) over the last two decades. The main thesis is that high-skilled migration, whether internal or international, is largely a symptom rather than a cause of the gaps persisting across European regions in terms of labor market and educational opportunities, productivity, welfare and quality of institutions. Free movement within the EU enables workers and firms to take advantage of these gaps by moving from low- to high-productivity sectors and regions. This process, however, generates winners and losers depending on the extent of the complementarity and substitutability between migrants and natives and on the capacity of sending regions to realize benefits from return or circular migration and other knowledge spillovers. The study assesses the economic benefits and the costs of skilled migration in the short and long run, emphasizing the potential implications of a large outflow of highly qualified workers on the economies of the sending regions. Based on the empirical analysis carried out, the book formulates recommendations for labor market and education policies. The ultimate aim is to identify effective ways to address the various costs that migration induces among different skill groups within both migrant- sending and receiving regions and improving cross-country coordination to better unlock the overall benefits of migration.
When first published in 1985, Sympathy and Science was hailed as a groundbreaking study of women in medicine. It remains the most comprehensive history of American women physicians available. Tracing the participation of women in the medical profession from the colonial period to the present, Regina Morantz-Sanchez examines women's roles as nurses, midwives, and practitioners of folk medicine in early America; recounts their successful struggles in the nineteenth century to enter medical schools and found their own institutions and organizations; and follows female physicians into the twentieth century, exploring their efforts to sustain significant and rewarding professional lives without sacrificing the other privileges and opportunities of womanhood. In a new preface, the author surveys recent scholarship and comments on the changing world of women in medicine over the past two decades. Despite extraordinary advances, she concludes, women physicians continue to grapple with many of the issues that troubled their predecessors.
Doubly Fed Induction Generators: Control for Wind Energy provides a detailed source of information on the modeling and design of controllers for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used in wind energy applications. Focusing on the use of nonlinear control techniques, this book: Discusses the main features and advantages of the DFIG Describes key theoretical fundamentals and the DFIG mathematical model Develops controllers using inverse optimal control, sliding modes, and neural networks Devises an improvement to add robustness in the presence of parametric variations Details the results of real-time implementations All controllers presented in the book are tested in a laboratory prototype. Comparisons between the controllers are made by analyzing statistical measures applied to the control objectives.
Fast-paced and action-packed, America Libre is an award-winning novel that explores just how explosive the immigration crisis can be, and provides a wake-up call to the dangers of extremism on all sides. After years of anti-immigrant backlash, anger seethes in the nation's Latino communities. The crowded streets bristle with restless youth, idled by a deep recession. When undercover detectives in San Antonio accidentally kill a young Latina bystander during a botched drug bust, riots erupt across the Southwest. As the inner-city violence escalates, Anglo vigilantes strike back with shooting rampages. Exploiting the turmoil, a congressional demagogue succeeds in passing legislation that transforms the nation's Hispanic enclaves into walled-off Quarantine Zones. Citizens tagged Class H-those who are Hispanic, are married to a Hispanic, or have at least one grandparent of Hispanic origin-are forced into detention centers. Amid the chaos in his L.A. barrio, Manolo Suarez is out of work and struggling to support his growing family. But under the spell of a beautiful Latina radical, the former U.S. Army Ranger and decorated war veteran now finds himself questioning his loyalty to his wife-and to his country.
This book presents two nonlinear control strategies for complex dynamical networks. First, sliding-mode control is used, and then the inverse optimal control approach is employed. For both cases, model-based is considered in Chapter 3 and Chapter 5; then, Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 are based on determining a model for the unknow system using a recurrent neural network, using on-line extended Kalman filtering for learning. The book is organized in four sections. The first one covers mathematical preliminaries, with a brief review for complex networks, and the pinning methodology. Additionally, sliding-mode control and inverse optimal control are introduced. Neural network structures are also discussed along with a description of the high-order ones. The second section presents the analysis and simulation results for sliding-mode control for identical as well as non-identical nodes. The third section describes analysis and simulation results for inverse optimal control considering identical or non-identical nodes. Finally, the last section presents applications of these schemes, using gene regulatory networks and microgrids as examples.
What would have happened if someone besides Pius XII had been elected Pope in 1939? Featuring actual historical figures, and drawing on documents from this era, Pope Gabriel centers on the election and papacy of Cardinal Vidal i Barraquer of Tarragona, a survivor of the Spanish Civil War. Pope Gabriel describes the new Pontiff's reaction to World War II, his dealings with dictators-Franco, Mussolini, and Hitler-and his confrontation of the Holocaust. In the course of his pontificate, Pope Gabriel discovers that the papal presence is a more powerful weapon than papal encyclicals or statements. He faces down the Falangists in Barcelona, the Fascists in Rome, and the Nazis in Dachau. Finally, on the verge of death from heart problems, he challenges the roundup of the Roman Jews in October 1943. In this counterfactual history, author José M. Sánchez offers a fascinating exploration of papal power and its potential effects on the atrocities of World War II and the Holocaust.
Discrete-Time Inverse Optimal Control for Nonlinear Systems proposes a novel inverse optimal control scheme for stabilization and trajectory tracking of discrete-time nonlinear systems. This avoids the need to solve the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and minimizes a cost functional, resulting in a more efficient controller. Design More Efficient Controllers for Stabilization and Trajectory Tracking of Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems The book presents two approaches for controller synthesis: the first based on passivity theory and the second on a control Lyapunov function (CLF). The synthesized discrete-time optimal controller can be directly implemented in real-time systems. The book also proposes the use of recurrent neural networks to model discrete-time nonlinear systems. Combined with the inverse optimal control approach, such models constitute a powerful tool to deal with uncertainties such as unmodeled dynamics and disturbances. Learn from Simulations and an In-Depth Case Study The authors include a variety of simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of the synthesized controllers for stabilization and trajectory tracking of discrete-time nonlinear systems. An in-depth case study applies the control schemes to glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, to calculate the adequate insulin delivery rate required to prevent hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia levels. The discrete-time optimal and robust control techniques proposed can be used in a range of industrial applications, from aerospace and energy to biomedical and electromechanical systems. Highlighting optimal and efficient control algorithms, this is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working in nonlinear system control.
“For those interested in De Soto and his expedition, these volumes are an absolute necessity.” —The Hispanic American Historical Review 1993 Choice Outstanding Academic Book, sponsored by Choice Magazine The De Soto expedition was the first major encounter of Europeans with indigenous North Americans in the eastern half of the United States. De Soto and his army of over 600 men, including 200 cavalry, spent four years traveling through what is now Florida, Georgia, Alabama, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. The De Soto Chronicles Volume 1 and Volume 2 present for the first time all four primary accounts of the De Soto expedition together in English translation. The four primary accounts are generally referred to as Elvas, Rangel, Biedma (in Volume 1), and Garcilaso, or the Inca (in Volume 2). In this landmark 1993 publication, Clayton’s team presents the four accounts with literary and historical introductions. They further add brief essays about De Soto and the expedition, translations of De Soto documents from the Spanish Archivo General de Indias, two short biographies of De Soto, and bibliographical studies. For anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians, The De Soto Chronicles are valued for the unique ethnological information they contain. They form the only detailed eyewitness records of the most advanced native civilization in North America—the Mississippian culture—a culture largely lost in the wake of European contact.
The fourth edition of this widely-used textbook introduces students to what it means to be a Latino American culturally and politically at a time of unprecedented challenges for America’s diverse and fastest-growing ethnic group. Garcia and Sanchez provide an in-depth examination of the individual communities that comprise the Latino culture, and how those bonds affect political development and decisions. With a look at voting, immigration, political engagement, and the critical public policies that constitute a Latino agenda, Garcia and Sanchez provide substantive insight on Latino pan-ethnic identity, growing policy issues, political participation, and the impact of changing Latino sub-groups.
The challenges of breaking down the barriers of the new environment was nothing new to the new priest, after all he believed in angels. But he was assigned to Santa Fe, New Mexico, now where in the world was that? Nothing in the rectory library had any information about the southwest. This was going to be quite the adventure. Nothing in his sociology classes had any material on pre-war Northern New Mexico chili-tortilla society. But he would soon find out. His new mission and a new life gave him the colors he needed.
The book presents recent advances in the theory of neural control for discrete-time nonlinear systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The simulation results that appear in each chapter include rigorous mathematical analyses, based on the Lyapunov approach, to establish its properties. The book contains two sections: the first focuses on the analyses of control techniques; the second is dedicated to illustrating results of real-time applications. It also provides solutions for the output trajectory tracking problem of unknown nonlinear systems based on sliding modes and inverse optimal control scheme. "This book on Discrete-time Recurrent Neural Control is unique in the literature, with new knowledge and information about the new technique of recurrent neural control especially for discrete-time systems. The book is well organized and clearly presented. It will be welcome by a wide range of researchers in science and engineering, especially graduate students and junior researchers who want to learn the new notion of recurrent neural control. I believe it will have a good market. It is an excellent book after all." — Guanrong Chen, City University of Hong Kong "This book includes very relevant topics, about neural control. In these days, Artificial Neural Networks have been recovering their relevance and well-stablished importance, this due to its great capacity to process big amounts of data. Artificial Neural Networks development always is related to technological advancements; therefore, it is not a surprise that now we are being witnesses of this new era in Artificial Neural Networks, however most of the developments in this research area only focuses on applicability of the proposed schemes. However, Edgar N. Sanchez author of this book does not lose focus and include both important applications as well as a deep theoretical analysis of Artificial Neural Networks to control discrete-time nonlinear systems. It is important to remark that first, the considered Artificial Neural Networks are development in discrete-time this simplify its implementation in real-time; secondly, the proposed applications ranging from modelling of unknown discrete-time on linear systems to control electrical machines with an emphasize to renewable energy systems. However, its applications are not limited to these kind of systems, due to their theoretical foundation it can be applicable to a large class of nonlinear systems. All of these is supported by the solid research done by the author." — Alma Y. Alanis, University of Guadalajara, Mexico "This book discusses in detail; how neural networks can be used for optimal as well as robust control design. Design of neural network controllers for real time applications such as induction motors, boost converters, inverted pendulum and doubly fed induction generators has also been carried out which gives the book an edge over other similar titles. This book will be an asset for the novice to the experienced ones." — Rajesh Joseph Abraham, Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
This book deals with continuous time dynamic neural networks theory applied to the solution of basic problems in robust control theory, including identification, state space estimation (based on neuro-observers) and trajectory tracking. The plants to be identified and controlled are assumed to be a priori unknown but belonging to a given class containing internal unmodelled dynamics and external perturbations as well. The error stability analysis and the corresponding error bounds for different problems are presented. The effectiveness of the suggested approach is illustrated by its application to various controlled physical systems (robotic, chaotic, chemical, etc.). Contents: Theoretical Study: Neural Networks Structures; Nonlinear System Identification: Differential Learning; Sliding Mode Identification: Algebraic Learning; Neural State Estimation; Passivation via Neuro Control; Neuro Trajectory Tracking; Neurocontrol Applications: Neural Control for Chaos; Neuro Control for Robot Manipulators; Identification of Chemical Processes; Neuro Control for Distillation Column; General Conclusions and Future Work; Appendices: Some Useful Mathematical Facts; Elements of Qualitative Theory of ODE; Locally Optimal Control and Optimization. Readership: Graduate students, researchers, academics/lecturers and industrialists in neural networks.
This book provides a decentralized approach for the identification and control of robotics systems. It also presents recent research in decentralized neural control and includes applications to robotics. Decentralized control is free from difficulties due to complexity in design, debugging, data gathering and storage requirements, making it preferable for interconnected systems. Furthermore, as opposed to the centralized approach, it can be implemented with parallel processors. This approach deals with four decentralized control schemes, which are able to identify the robot dynamics. The training of each neural network is performed on-line using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The first indirect decentralized control scheme applies the discrete-time block control approach, to formulate a nonlinear sliding manifold. The second direct decentralized neural control scheme is based on the backstepping technique, approximated by a high order neural network. The third control scheme applies a decentralized neural inverse optimal control for stabilization. The fourth decentralized neural inverse optimal control is designed for trajectory tracking. This comprehensive work on decentralized control of robot manipulators and mobile robots is intended for professors, students and professionals wanting to understand and apply advanced knowledge in their field of work.
A concise introduction explains Spanish grammar and pronunciation. Includes more than 3,500 entries with pronunciation guides and parts of speech, plus more than 15 pages of illustrations of home and classroom objects, parts of the body, animals, food, clothing, and other everyday items with Spanish and English labels.
It is a poignant and inspiring tale of how she embraced God's love, peace, mercy and grace as she accepted her diagnosis, fought off the side effects of chemotherapy treatments and faced courageously yet another major surgery due to spreading infection. My Journey of Healing from Cancer will strengthen the faith, deepen the hope, and lighten the hearts of those fighting cancer.
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