What role should the tobacco industry have in the e-cigarette market? Should manufacturers contribute to the production of evidence on their products’ safety and efficacy? What are the environmental impacts of e-cigarette use and how should these feature in the discussion? How do e-cigarettes influence smoking-related health disparities? Should physicians recommend switching to e-cigarettes for those who smoke? How broadly applicable is the utility of e-cigarettes? And how should the discourse respond to emerging data? This volume examines the opportunities and challenges of optimizing e-cigarette regulation. The authors describe emerging evidence suggesting that restrictions on e-cigarettes can backfire by nudging consumers toward riskier alternatives. Adopting a social welfare-based approach drawing on economics, policy analysis and regulatory science, the authors then explore how optimal e-cigarette policy might balance risks and benefits, suggesting that it is possible to leverage the promise of e-cigarettes—a product that is more popular than traditional cessation aids—to protect current and future generations from the smoking-related harms, while still taking important steps to discourage use by young people and those who do not smoke. Samuel C. Hampsher-Monk is Managing Director of BOTEC Analysis, where he leads research on the regulation of tobacco, cannabis, and reduced-risk nicotine products for public and private clients, including 501(c)(3) groups and LLPs, as well as municipal and state regulators. He holds a BA in Politics and Philosophy from the University of Southampton and a MSc from the University of Edinburgh. James E. Prieger, an economist, is Professor of Public Policy at Pepperdine University and Senior Researcher at BOTEC Analysis, where he leads research on illicit tobacco markets, alternative nicotine products, and related policy issues. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and chapters. He received his BA from Yale University and his PhD in economics from the University of California, Berkeley. Sudhanshu Patwardhan is a medical doctor working on tobacco harm reduction projects globally. He has worked in R&D in the pharma and tobacco sectors across three continents. Patwardhan qualified as a doctor from BJ Medical College Pune, India, received a Master of Business and Science from the Keck Graduate Institute, California, USA, and holds an MBA from the London Business School, UK.
Artificial Intelligence is at the top of the agenda for education leaders, scientists, technologists and policy makers in educating the next generation across the globe. Beyond applying AI in daily life applications and educational tools, understanding how to learn and teach AI is increasingly important. Despite these emerging technology breakthroughs, AI learning is still new to educators especially to K-16 teachers. There is a lack of evidence-based studies that inform them about AI learning, including design principles for building a set of curriculum content, and pedagogical approaches as well as technological tools. Teaching AI concepts and techniques from programming languages and developmentally appropriate learning tools (e.g., robotics, serious games, software, intelligent agents) across different education levels emerged in recent years. The primary purpose of this book is to respond to the need to conceptualize the emerging term “AI literacy” and investigate how to teach and learn AI in K-16 education settings. This book examines different aspects of learning artefacts, pedagogies, content knowledge and assessment methods of AI literacy education, from theoretical discussions to practical recommendations for curriculum and instructional design. An exhaustive summary of current evidence with examples is illustrated in this book, as well as cutting-edge research that serves as an AI literacy model for different countries’ contexts. Part I, “Conceptualizing AI literacy”, provides a detailed discussion on the development of the concepts and frameworks on AI literacy education, discusses the differences and similarities between AI in education (AIED) and AI literacy education, and illustrates the reasons why K-16 students need to learn AI. These concepts are brought together in Part II, “K-16 AI literacy education” to further summarize the pedagogies, learning content, learning tools and assessment methods to inform K-16 educators how to design their AI instruction at each education level. After that, part III “AI literacy for instructional designers” explores how instructional designers (i.e., AI developers and teachers) prepare themselves to become ready to design developmentally appropriate tools, platforms, services and curricula to empower students with AI literacy skills.
Take your blockchain and Web3 development skills to the next level by building real-world full-stack DeFi applications with Solidity and JavaScript Key Features Gain the knowledge you need to start implementing DeFi principles in practice Learn how to build full-stack real-world DeFi products from scratch with step-by-step instructions Leverage tools like Hardhat, Ethers.js, Node.js, React.js, Solidity, and Web3 for effective DeFi application development Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook Book DescriptionEnter the world of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) with Building Full Stack DeFi Applications. Understand how this blockchain-based financial technology, designed to manage crypto assets, runs independently without centralized financial institutions like banks and brokerages, eliminating the fees that banks and other financial companies charge for using their services. This book will show you how DeFi solutions are built with smart contracts running on blockchains and how they allow users to gain and earn crypto assets based on the trust of the smart contracts. This book uncovers the inner workings of DeFi by guiding you through the mathematical foundations and teaching you how to build real-world DeFi products with Solidity and JavaScript. As you progress through the chapters, you’ll learn how to implement smart contracts of liquidity pools to trade cryptocurrencies and implement staking, including farming features that allow users to earn. You’ll also find out how to create asset pools that allow users to lend and borrow cryptocurrencies and generate interest. Additionally, you’ll discover how to use Web3 libraries to build the frontend of DeFi products. By the end of this book, you’ll will be well acquainted with popular tools, libraries, and design patterns for implementing a full-stack DeFi application with Web3 and Solidity.What you will learn Understand the key concepts and principles of DeFi and how it works Get to grips with smart contract development to solve complex problems Build your experience in designing, building, and deploying Web3 applications Implement liquidity pools and swapping features for seamless crypto exchanges Develop staking and farming features for DeFi applications Create smart contracts for crypto loans integrated with Web3 libraries Who this book is for If you are a blockchain developer experienced in Web3 and Solidity development, or anyone interested in learning about blockchain and DeFi technologies, this book is for you. Product managers, executives, and other management professionals looking to start or delve into a DeFi project will also benefit from this book, as will developers and architects with basic blockchain knowledge who want to advance their skills in building full-stack DeFi products. Experience with Solidity, JavaScript, and Web3 will help you get the most out of this book.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used among health practitioners in combatting a variety of diseases, most notably various types of cancer, and is often utilised in combination with other therapeutic options to enhance efficacy or reduce adverse reactions. Combination Therapies Involving Photodynamic Therapy reviews the current state of development of PDT and presents the foreseeable advancements of combination approaches to therapeutic strategies. This book represents a novel approach to the therapeutic applications of five different technologies including the combinations of photodynamic therapy, photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, chemotherapy, and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy. An ideal companion for students, researchers and practitioners in biological sciences, biotechnology, and photobiological and photochemical sciences, as well as medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry.
This thesis examines a novel class of flexible electronic material with great potential for use in the construction of stretchable amplifiers and memory elements. Most remarkably the composite material produces spontaneous oscillations that increase in frequency when pressure is applied to it. In this way, the material mimics the excitatory response of pressure-sensing neurons in the human skin. The composites, formed of silicone and graphitic nanoparticles, were prepared in several allotropic forms and functionalized with naphthalene diimide molecules. A systematic study is presented of the negative differential resistance (NDR) region of the current-voltage curves, which is responsible for the material’s active properties. This study was conducted as a function of temperature, graphite filling fraction, scaling to reveal the break-up of the samples into electric field domains at the onset of the NDR region, and an electric-field induced metal-insulator transition in graphite nanoparticles. The effect of molecular functionalization on the miscibility threshold and the current-voltage curves is demonstrated. Room-temperature and low-temperature measurements were performed on these composite films under strains using a remote-controlled, custom-made step motor bench.
Meant for quick retrieval of vital information regarding the management of nutritional issues in patients with gastroenterological problems--either primary or as the consequence of other medical disorders, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity. The book addresses normal physiology and pathophysiology, and offers chapters on diseases that can lead to specific nutritional problems. The clinical focus is on therapeutic nutrition and dietary management.
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