Historians of the French extreme right frequently denote the existence of a strong xenophobic and nationalist tradition dating from the 1880s, a perpetual anti-republicanism which pervaded twentieth-century political discourse. Much attention is habitually paid to the interwar era, deemed the zenith of this success, when the leagues attracted hundreds of thousands of members and enjoyed significant political acclaim. Most works on the subject speak of 'the French right' or 'French fascism', presenting compendia of figures and organizations, from the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s through the notorious Vichy regime, the authoritarian construct which emerged following the defeat to Nazi Germany in June 1940. However, historians rarely discuss the programmatic elements of extreme right-wing doctrine, which demanded the eradication of parliamentary democracy and the transformation of the nation and state according to group principles. Instead, most detail the organization and membership of various organizations, and often recount their quotidian activities as political actors within (and in opposition to) the Third Republic. This book offers a new interpretation of the extreme right in interwar French politics, focusing upon the largest and most influential such groups in 1920s and 1930s, the Faisceau and the Croix de Feu. It explores their designs for extensive political, economic, and social renewal, a project that commanded significant attention from the leadership and rank-and-file of both organizations, providing the overarching goal behind their aspiration to power. The book examines five components of these efforts: A renewal of politics and government, the establishment of a new economic order, a revaluation of gender and familial relations, the role of youth in the new socio-political construct, and the politics of exclusion inherent in every facet of Faisceau and CDF doctrine. In so doing it contributes to a historical understanding of the programmatic elements of the interwar extreme-right, while simultaneously situating its most prominent exponents within their broader historical context.
State and Status is an examination of the rise of the centralized state and its effect on the power of the aristocracy in the British Isles and in France and its eastern periphery during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
Following the tumultuous events in China in the first two decades of the twentieth century, there was an urgent need for a reliable reference work surveying all aspects of contemporary China, given that existing reference works and scholarly monographs became rapidly obsolete. Couling’s work, published in 1917, covered so much ground with such accuracy and consistency that it has become established as an essential tool for scholars wishing to understand how the new China was seen and interpreted at the time.
To the superficial observer there would seem never to have been an age less propitious for the birth of a new nation. The tendency of the times was altogether for the aggrandizement of big states and the consolidation of their territory at the expense of the little ones, for the extinction of the weaker nations and governments rather than for the creation of new ones. Nevertheless it was this bitter cut-throat international rivalry which was to make American independence possible." On April 15th, 1783, the Articles of Peace between the United States and Great Britain went into effect proclaiming that “His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the United States…to be free Sovereign and independent States.” That recognition, the origins of which began almost seven years earlier in Philadelphia, the fate of which was uncertain at Valley Forge and ultimately vindicated at Yorktown, represented a monumental achievement for the new American nation. It also, as Samuel Flagg Bemis shows us, marked the end of a world war. This book explains the ambitions and interests of European powers during the American Revolution. France’s search for revenge against Britain after the French and Indian War, Spain’s attempt to retake Gibraltar, the complicated trade interests of the Netherlands and Russia, Austria’s fears of a two-front war – each of these saw America’s struggle for independence as an event that affected their own strategies. And, as Bemis shows us, it is through that prism that we should consider the actions of those who supported America and Great Britain.
This book is about the idiosyncratic personal dictatorships sprang up in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. It surveys the social, economic, and political histories of Uganda, Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea, exploring conditions that facilitated the rise of the dictatorial triumvirate.
In honor of the centenary of Samuel Beckett's birth, this bilingual edition of "Waiting for Godot" features side-by-side text in French and English so readers can experience the mastery of Beckett's language and explore the nuances of his creativity.
Coleridge was one of the Romantic Age's most enigmatic figures and author of some of the most famous poems in the English language. He confided his thoughts and emotions to his notebooks, a selection of which are presented in this text.
An instructive history, this remarkable work recounts the causes leading to the persecution of the French Protestants and traces their emigration from France to England and Ireland. An interesting feature of the work, to the genealogist, is the collection of 300 biographies of noted Huguenot refugees who settled in Britain. Additionally, the work contains an important section on the Huguenots in America by G. P. Disoway
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