This book presents a study of the most important methods of image segmentation and how they are extended and improved using metaheuristic algorithms. The segmentation approaches selected have been extensively applied to the task of segmentation (especially in thresholding), and have also been implemented using various metaheuristics and hybridization techniques leading to a broader understanding of how image segmentation problems can be solved from an optimization perspective. The field of image processing is constantly changing due to the extensive integration of cameras in devices; for example, smart phones and cars now have embedded cameras. The images have to be accurately analyzed, and crucial pre-processing steps, like image segmentation, and artificial intelligence, including metaheuristics, are applied in the automatic analysis of digital images. Metaheuristic algorithms have also been used in various fields of science and technology as the demand for new methods designed to solve complex optimization problems increases. This didactic book is primarily intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of science, engineering, and computational mathematics. It is also suitable for courses such as artificial intelligence, advanced image processing, and computational intelligence. The material is also useful for researches in the fields of evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence, and image processing.
The use of metaheuristic algorithms (MA) has been increasing in recent years, and the image processing field is not the exempted of their application. In the last two years a big amount of MA has been introduced as alternatives for solving complex optimization problems. This book collects the most prominent MA of the 2019 and 2020 and verifies its use in image processing tasks. In addition, literature review of both MA and digital image processing is presented as part of the introductory information. Each algorithm is detailed explained with special focus in the tuning parameters and the proper implementation for the image processing tasks. Besides several examples permits to the reader explore and confirm the use of this kind of intelligent methods. Since image processing is widely used in different domains, this book considers different kinds of datasets that includes, magnetic resonance images, thermal images, agriculture images, among others. The reader then can have some ideas of implementation that complement the theory exposed of each optimization mechanism. Regarding the image processing problems this book consider the segmentation by using different metrics based on entropies or variances. In the same way, the identification of different shapes and the detection of objects are also covered in the corresponding chapters. Each chapter is complemented with a wide range of experiments and statistical analysis that permits the reader to judge about the performance of the MA. Finally, there is included a section that includes some discussion and conclusions. This section also provides some open questions and research opportunities for the audience.
This memoir chronicles the history of my family. It is a historical account derived from personal knowledge. The historical account includes interesting stories that I heard while growing up on a farm near the impoverished town of Fabens, Texas but also while I lived in Fabens as an adolescent. The remainder of the history transpired while living in Horizon City near El Paso, Texas. The memoir presents interesting early life experiences of my father starting from his childhood days. The memoir describes my father’s and mother’s migration to the United States from Mexico that occurred when my father signed up for the “bracero” program which was designed to recruit farm workers from Mexico to work in the United States. The memoir then goes on to present my life experiences starting from the days when I lived on a farm as a child in an adobe/stucco building that was located adjacent to the railroad tracks.
Mineral elements are found in foods and drink of all differenttypes, from drinking water through to mothers’ milk. Thesearch for mineral elements has shown that many trace andultratrace-level elements presented in food are required for ahealthy life. By identifying and analysing these elements, it ispossible to evaluate them for their specific health-givingproperties, and conversely, to isolate their less desirableproperties with a view to reducing or removing them altogether fromsome foods. The analysis of mineral elements requires a number ofdifferent techniques – some methods may be suitable for onefood type yet completely unsuited to another. The Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food is the firstbook to bring together the analytical techniques, the regulatoryand legislative framework, and the widest possible range of foodtypes into one comprehensive handbook for food scientists andtechnologists. Much of the book is based on the authors’ owndata, most of which is previously unpublished, making theHandbook of Mineral Elements in Food a vital andup-to-the-minute reference for food scientists in industry andacademia alike. Analytical chemists, nutritionists and food policymakers will also find it an invaluable resource. Showcasing contributions from international researchers, andconstituting a major resource for our future understanding of thetopic, the Handbook of Mineral Elements in Food is anessential reference and should be found wherever food science andtechnology are researched and taught.
The Fabulous Sinkhole and Other Stories is a first collection of short stories by noted film director and writer, JesÏs Salvador TreviÐo. TreviÐoÍs decision to write a collection of short stories arose from his frustration over years Hollywood rejecting his film projects with Hispanic characters and themes. Rather than give up, he channeled his energy into these short stories. Through his interconnected stories, TreviÐo gives us an off-beat, magically real and at times raucous vision of life in the barrios of Arroyo Grande, Texas. Ever the observer of the tragicomic human scene, TreviÐo recreates for the reader the world of adults as overheard and filtered through the understanding of the young. Each adult action creates a wave of repercussions for the children, be it love triangles, petty jealousies or revenge. The rich texture of the narrative and the rich diversity of Hispanic characters all come to a romping, feverish end with a fantasy that features an army of movie stereotypes of Hispanics who have returned as zombies bent on avenging themselves on Hollywood directors and screenwriters.
In the opening piece, “Where Lost Things Reside,” rumor has it that Old Man Baldemar has died. Stories about the old geezer’s demise abound: he died of pneumonia; he was hit by a car, even killed by the big C. All Yoli Mendoza knows is that she’s lost the income from helping the perverse recluse with his grocery shopping. Entering the house she has never been allowed in before, she’s shocked to find it’s much larger than it appears from the street. And even odder, it’s full of items, each tagged with a name, city and date. There’s a room full of cell phones, drawers packed with rings, trays and trays of plastic lids … socks, watches, wallets, glasses! Was Baldemar the caretaker of all of the things that have been lost, no matter the time, city or even country? Weird things continue to happen to the characters that renowned author and filmmaker Jesús Salvador Treviño introduced in his captivating debut, The Fabulous Sinkhole and Other Stories. At the theme park where Choo Choo Torres works, people begin to disappear—and then reappear slightly changed; are they moving back and forth between alternate universes? Charlie Villalobos keeps blacking out and losing days; could it be that he exists only in someone’s dreams? And Jeannie de la Cruz has very distinct memories of seeing her partner Gale run over by a speeding taxi in Mexico City; how can she still be alive? Many in these interrelated stories have left Arroyo Grande to follow their dreams, but in the raucous title story they all return to their hometown in a resounding affirmation of the power of community. Weaving magical realism with issues of loss, memory and identity, Jesús Salvador Treviño once again confirms his place as a powerful storyteller in Chicano—and American—literature. “Fabulous Sinkhole is a collection of stories set primarily in Arroyo Grande, Texas, and each one is connected with the title story by a theme of accident versus coincidence. All of them contain lively, accessible language and demonstrate the author's very gifted sense for storytelling." —Booklist on The Fabulous Sinkhole and Other Stories (starred review)
This biography presents a remarkable vision of Spanish society at the beginning of the 13th century by exploring the life of Berenguela of Castile (c. 1179-1246), a queen who dominated public life for over forty years.
A truly groundbreaking book, presenting a portrait of Alfonso X, monarch and medieval intellectual "par excellence," and the extraordinary cultural history of Spain at that time.
An Innovative Approach to Studying and Treating Cancer: Targeting pH describes one of the few characteristics of cancer that is not shared by normal tissues: the reversal or inversion of the pH gradient when intracellular pH becomes alkaline and extracellular pH becomes acid. This is now recognized as one of the most selective and differential hallmarks of all cancer cells and tissues, being the opposite of the condition found in normal tissues and a potential target in order to achieve either a stable disease or even regression with no toxicity. The book discusses topics such as lactic acid and its transport system in the pH paradigm, mechanisms to decrease extra cellular pH and increase intracellular pH, NHE-1 activity in cancer, carbonic anhydrases, vacuolar ATPase proton pump, and the sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter system. Additionally, it discusses complementary pharmacological interventions, cellular acidification and extracellular alkalinization as a new and integral approach to cancer treatment. - Analyzes the mechanisms that lead to the inversion of pH gradient in cancer tissues - Summarizes almost 100 years of research on pH inversion in cancer in one single source, discussing the most relevant and updated researches in the field - Proposes new efficient treatments against cancer using pH inversion mechanisms, either with new drugs like proton transport inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors (PTIs and PPIs) or with repurposed drugs
ñArroyo Grande is an ordinary town where unusual things sometimes happen,î Choo Choo Torres tells his friends. Indeed, this little West Texas town proves to be a place where unusual things often happen. From an enormous crystal skyscraper that mysteriously appears in the middle of the Arroyo Grande SluggersÍ baseball fielda midnight media shower that inspires a pachanga, complete with music and concessions in an abandoned parking lota sudden shift in the whole townÍs circadian rhythms, keeping everyone up at night and asleep during the daya repair shop in town that boasts ñWe Fix Anythingî in the window and even extends the offer to broken heartsthis collection of short stories brims with offbeat events. In this, the sequel to The Fabulous Sinkhole and Other Stories, JesÏs Salvador TreviÐo once again populates his hamlet with a lively community. ThereÍs Chicas Patas, a zoot-suited newcomer who speaks a 1940s-era slang; Yoli Mendez, a spunky teen who steals the show by performing quadratic equations in her head; Ed Carillo and Mayor Al Snyder, local politicians who seize every opportunity to campaign; and, a bevy of other interesting and unique citizens of Arroyo Grande.
The use of metaheuristic algorithms (MA) has been increasing in recent years, and the image processing field is not the exempted of their application. In the last two years a big amount of MA has been introduced as alternatives for solving complex optimization problems. This book collects the most prominent MA of the 2019 and 2020 and verifies its use in image processing tasks. In addition, literature review of both MA and digital image processing is presented as part of the introductory information. Each algorithm is detailed explained with special focus in the tuning parameters and the proper implementation for the image processing tasks. Besides several examples permits to the reader explore and confirm the use of this kind of intelligent methods. Since image processing is widely used in different domains, this book considers different kinds of datasets that includes, magnetic resonance images, thermal images, agriculture images, among others. The reader then can have some ideas of implementation that complement the theory exposed of each optimization mechanism. Regarding the image processing problems this book consider the segmentation by using different metrics based on entropies or variances. In the same way, the identification of different shapes and the detection of objects are also covered in the corresponding chapters. Each chapter is complemented with a wide range of experiments and statistical analysis that permits the reader to judge about the performance of the MA. Finally, there is included a section that includes some discussion and conclusions. This section also provides some open questions and research opportunities for the audience.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The purpose of this thesis is to determine to what extent the civilian-elected authorities have achieved control over the military in El Salvador. Much of the literature on democratization suggests that such control is a necessary condition for the full consolidation of democracy within a country. This thesis begins with a historical overview of civil-military relations in El Salvador, and focuses on current civil military relations. The application of Alfred Stepan's eleven prerogatives is used to measure the level of civilian control over the military. The analysis suggests that three of the military prerogatives have been reduced substantially, that six prerogatives presented a change from the high to moderate category, that one prerogative related to the relations with the chief executive remains in the moderate category, and finally that the military prerogative on officer promotions remains in the high category. Based on this analysis, this thesis concludes that since 1992, elected civilian authorities have achieved considerable control over the military, that thus civil-military relations in El Salvador are on the right track to help the country towards consolidating a democracy.
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