Why El Salvador - Hidden Truths? In writing this book, I propose to explore these Salvadoran histories, pages hidden in dust which we have been denied by the economic power and its Governments since the time of the Spanish Invasion. We have systematically been denied the truth of this history, which is part of our being as the original peoples, which belongs to us, to our identity. We have been robbed and badly treated for more than 528 years; which has caused trauma and suffering across our lives. And so I undertook to look beneath the debris of the past with its enigmas to find the truth in our past history from our ancestors, colonization, independence, the first peoples uprisings, genocide and ethnocide against our ancestors. As well as crimes against humanity. The role of the Catholic Church, in the colonisation and imposition of Christianity and its Holy Inquisition. I also want you to be prepared, because in this book you will encounter many surprises and facts which are going to collide with your beliefs and notions of being human. I am not talking about to be Christians, because that is much deeper. But of the cruelty of the Spanish conquerors, with the lies and falsehoods with which the Salvadorans have been educated. Honour and Glory brothers and sisters: Nahuas, Maya, Lencas Chortis, Pocomames, Xincas, Kakawiras, Chorotegas and Izalcos who offered their blood for us and future generations. This Lent without resurrection to which our ancestors were subjected to, began with the Spanish Invasion and has continued till this day in 2020. What you will find in the following pages, are not sweet nor cheap announcements from the Salvadoran power base, in its communication mediums: Newspaper, Television, digital media and many other lying media. For the first time, there are voices of our ancestors in the presence of our current generations- the grandfathers and grandmothers, the young and their actual leaders.
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Subnational capital finance -- A theory of subnational government capital market information -- Review of literature on subnational government borrowing -- System-level information resolution and contractibility -- Information resolution, information content, and city debt -- Understanding, managing, and communicating credit fundamentals -- Three contexts of information resolution reforms -- Subnational government capital financing : lessons for policy and practice.
The purpose of this thesis is to determine to what extent the civilian-elected authorities have achieved control over the military in El Salvador. Much of the literature on democratization suggests that such control is a necessary condition for the full consolidation of democracy within a country. This thesis begins with a historical overview of civil-military relations in El Salvador, and focuses on current civil military relations. The application of Alfred Stepan's eleven prerogatives is used to measure the level of civilian control over the military. The analysis suggests that three of the military prerogatives have been reduced substantially, that six prerogatives presented a change from the high to moderate category, that one prerogative related to the relations with the chief executive remains in the moderate category, and finally that the military prerogative on officer promotions remains in the high category. Based on this analysis, this thesis concludes that since 1992, elected civilian authorities have achieved considerable control over the military, that thus civil-military relations in El Salvador are on the right track to help the country towards consolidating a democracy.
Subnational capital finance -- A theory of subnational government capital market information -- Review of literature on subnational government borrowing -- System-level information resolution and contractibility -- Information resolution, information content, and city debt -- Understanding, managing, and communicating credit fundamentals -- Three contexts of information resolution reforms -- Subnational government capital financing : lessons for policy and practice.
Federico García Lorca was born near Granada in 1898. Initially set on studying music in Paris, after his piano teacher died in 1916 he became involved in a literary and artistic group, including H G Wells and Rudyard Kipling. This move towards a more literary life eventually paid off.
Following the death of Emiliano Zapata in 1919, the Zapatistas continued to lead the struggle for land reform. Land, Liberty, and Water offers a political and environmental history of the aftermath of the 1910 Mexican Revolution by examining the outcomes of the insurgency in the state of Morelos. Salvador Salinas takes readers inside the diverse pueblos of the former Zapatistas during the 1920s and 1930s and recounts the first statewide land reform carried out in postrevolutionary Mexico. Based on extensive archival research, he reveals how an alliance with the national government that began in 1920 stimulated the revival of rural communities after ten years of warfare and helped once-landless villagers reclaim Morelos’s valley soils, forested mountains, and abundant irrigation waters. During the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928), pueblos forged closer ties to the centralized government in Mexico City through a plethora of new national institutions, such as ejidos, forestry cooperatives, water juntas, credit societies, and primary schools. At the same time, the expansion of charcoal production in the Sierra de Ajusco and rice cultivation in the lowland valleys accelerated deforestation and intensified water conflicts. Salinas recounts how the federal reforms embraced by the countryside aided the revival of the pueblos, and in return, villagers repeatedly came to the defense of an embattled national regime. Salinas gives readers interested in modern Mexico, the Zapatista revolution, and environmental history a deeply researched analysis of the outcomes of the nation’s most famous revolutionary insurgency.
A truly groundbreaking book, presenting a portrait of Alfonso X, monarch and medieval intellectual "par excellence," and the extraordinary cultural history of Spain at that time.
In the years following the Mexican Revolution, a nationalist and masculinist image of Mexico emerged through the novels of the Revolution, the murals of Diego Rivera, and the movies of Golden Age cinema. Challenging this image were the Contemporáneos, a group of writers whose status as outsiders (sophisticated urbanites, gay men, women) gave them not just a different perspective, but a different gaze, a new way of viewing the diverse Mexicos that exist within Mexican society. In this book, Salvador Oropesa offers original readings of the works of five Contemporáneos—Salvador Novo, Xavier Villaurrutia, Agustín Lazo, Guadalupe Marín, and Jorge Cuesta—and their efforts to create a Mexican literature that was international, attuned to the realities of modern Mexico, and flexible enough to speak to the masses as well as the elites. Oropesa discusses Novo and Villaurrutia in relation to neo-baroque literature and satiric poetry, showing how these inherently subversive genres provided the means of expressing difference and otherness that they needed as gay men. He explores the theatrical works of Lazo, Villaurrutia's partner, who offered new representations of the closet and of Mexican history from an emerging middle-class viewpoint. Oropesa also looks at women's participation in the Contemporáneos through Guadalupe Marín, the sometime wife of Diego Rivera and Jorge Cuesta, whose novels present women's struggles to have a view and a voice of their own. He concludes the book with Novo's self-transformation from intellectual into celebrity, which fulfilled the Contemporáneos' desire to merge high and popular culture and create a space where those on the margins could move to the center.
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