The magnetoelectric properties of multiferroic materials have a high potential for applications in the fields of data storage, spin valves, spintronics, memories, sensors and microelectronic devices. The book presents both a detailed literature review of the field, and the experimental results obtained from various characterization and analytical techniques performed on four series of lanthanum orthoferrite type multiferroics. These materials have been used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), magneto-hydrodynamic power generation (MHD), capacitors and energy storage devices in microelectronics, non-volatile magnetic memory devices and ferroelectric random access memories (Fe-RAM). Keywords: Multiferroics, Lanthanum Orthoferrites, Ferromagnetism, Ferroelectricity, Electrical Conductivity, Thermal Stability, Dielectric Constant, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Magneto-Hydrodynamic Power Generation (MHD), Capacitors, Energy Storage Devices, Magnetic Memory Devices, Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (Fe-RAM), Charge Density Measurements..
In the modern world, the life style of humans is greatly influenced by electronic gadgets. These electronic gadgets need semiconducting and magnetic materials. In particular, the magnetic materials which find applications in almost all such gadgets need to be researched and better understood. Magnetism has diverse applications, from simple “loadstone” to complex DNA sequencing. The aim of this book is to describe the synthesis and characterization of various nano ferrite materials used for memory applications. It is now well established that materials synthesized in nanometer scale have novel properties compared to their bulk counterparts. The distinct feature of the book is the construction of charge density diagrams of ferrites by using the maximum entropy method (MEM). It is analyzed how the charge density distribution in the ferrite unit cell affects charge related properties. Magnetic Materials, Nano Ferrite Materials Characterization Techniques, Dielectric Studies, Maximum Entropy Method (MEM), Magnetic Properties, Optical Properties, Dielectric Properties
In materials chemistry, hybrid systems have become popular because of their enhanced properties compared to their individual components. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials have dual, enhanced chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of both organic and inorganic materials in a single material and are used in various applications. An enhanced hybrid material has many technical advantages compared to single organic or inorganic materials. These technical advantages and the applications of organic-inorganic hybrid materials have been covered by several scientific papers, reviews, and books. This book, however, exclusively covers hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces based on organic-inorganic nanohybrids, their synthesis and fabrication, and their recent and potential applications in various fields. The book is a good reference for understanding the surface properties of organic-inorganic nanohybrids and also a valuable guide for college/high school, undergraduate, and graduate students and scientists with a background in chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, nanotechnology, surface science and engineering, or industrial coatings.
A computer is a piece of electronic equipment that operates based on the specifications that are provided by the user. In light of the fact that the computer is incapable of comprehending natural language, it is necessary to offer the instructions in a form that can be understood by the computer. Programming language is the name given to this type of language that can be understood by computers. People are able to write instructions in a format that can be interpreted by the computer system through the use of a computer programming language, which is comprised of a set of symbols and letters, words, and grammar rules. The computer the art of making a computer perform the actions that you want it to perform is known as programming. Programming is a field that focuses on the analytical generation of source code that may be used to configure computer systems. Software development is another subfield of computer programming. It is possible for computer programmers to choose to work in a wide variety of programming functions, or they may choose to specialise in a particular area of the creation, support, or maintenance of computers for use in the workplace or for personal use. Programmers are the professionals who lay the foundation for the establishment and continued operation of the systems that a large number of people rely on for the flow of information in a variety of contexts, including those linked to commerce and those related to entertainment. In order to enable experiment teaching, reflect the characteristics of information, make its more standardized and more scientific, so designed and developed a set of C language assistant platform, it's very good to a certain extent solved the above problems, the platform is simple and practical, is good tool for teachers teaching and experiment management and student experiment of network course learning under the network environment.
The book presents new research on the synthesis and characterization of various oxide based dilute magnetic spintronics materials (ODMS). The characterization techniques included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and UV visible spectrometry. The morphological, magnetic and optical properties are reported. Electron density distribution studies are presented in the form of three, two and one dimensional electron density maps. Keywords: Spintronics Materials, Zn1-xTixO, Zn1-xFexO, Zn1-xVxO, Zn1-xNix/2Vx/2O, Synthesis, X-ray Diffraction. Rietveld Analysis, Surface Morphological Properties, Optical Properties, Magnetic Properties, Charge Density Analysis, Electron Density Distribution.
This book comprising of thirty-two parts, is very interesting and could serve as a guide for young teachers. It can also be an effective tool for policy makers. The author, with his wide teaching experience, is confident that by giving autonomy to students the restricting structures in the system can be removed entirely. He presents his personal experiences as a Teacher and a chief administrator and applies practical wisdom to critical issues that administrative leaders face. The arguments and insights presented in this book are thought-provoking, like-learner-focused and they discuss teaching kindness through service to the society. Kids don't learn from people they don't like! Kids do what we do, not what we say. The author gives valuable suggestions to enhance the teaching and learning experience – inspiring out-of-the-box thinking, encouraging the creative ability of students, relevance of social network, creating research skills even among middle-school students in the classrooms, importance of physical education in schools, significance of morning assembly and so on.
C.Shanthi, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Rajaji Nagar Post, Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu, India. Dr.R.Brendha, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Cauvery College for Women (Autonomous), Annamalai Nagar, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India. Ms.R.Kayalvizhi, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thanthai Hans Roever College (Autonomous), Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India. M.G.Saravanan, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thanthai Hans Roever College (Autonomous), Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India.
This book offers a comprehensive overview of toxicology, highlighting the significance of peptide-based toxins from marine environments. It discusses the principles of protein-carbohydrate and domain-domain interactions to increase our understanding of toxicology in zebrafish models, as well as drug interaction mechanisms and target definition in drug discovery. It also reviews the structure of marine peptides/toxins and the toxicology of peptide secreting cells and cells that respond to these enzymes, and describes the normal and abnormal toxicology of marine peptides in zebrafish models. Offering insights into the field of proteomics, particularly current practice and research models for solving its many riddles, the book also explains the analytical principles of marine protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interaction in the context of teratogenicity in target identification in peptide- based drug discovery. Lastly, the book methodically examines the preclinical research on marine proteins/peptides.
This book delves into the profound and universal bond of friendship, exploring both its joys and complexities. It examines the dynamics of positive and negative relationships, highlighting notable examples of remarkable friendships from historical texts and revered writings. By offering insights into how these bonds have been celebrated and valued across cultures, the book provides a comprehensive view of friendship's evolution through history, literature, and contemporary society. It captures the essence of this cherished connection in all its forms and nuances.
This important new study investigates the competing demand for water in the Bhavani and Noyyal River basins of south India from the early 19th century to the early 21st century from a historical perspective. In doing so, the book addresses several important questions: * Did policy-makers visualise the future demand while diverting water from distant places or other basins? * Was efficient use ensured when the water was diverted or was it diverted in a manner that resulted in pollution and serious damage to the entire river basin? * Were natural flows taken care of in order to preserve the ecology and environment? * What were the factors that aggravated the competing demand for water and what were the consequences for the future? In the context of the current discourse on the competing demands for water, this book takes the debate forward, expanding the horizon of environmental history in the process. Until now, agriculture, industry and domestic water supply and their consequences for ecology, the environment and livelihoods have been given scant attention. Velayutham Saravanan's comprehensive account of both the colonial and post-colonial periods corrects this shortcoming in the field's literature and gives a holistic understanding of the problem and its full historical roots.
Due to their unique optical, thermal, catalytic, magnetic and electronic properties, nano-sized semiconductors have a huge potential in a great number of technological applications, ranging from photovoltaics and photocatalysis to biosensors and medicine. In the last couple of decades, the synthesis and characterization of these materials has been of key interest not only to materials scientists but also to researchers working in the field of physics, chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. The main focus of the present book is the characterization of a number of nano-semiconducting materials, using such techniques as powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometry, Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The materials studied include ZnS, TiO2, NiO, Ga doped ZnO, Mn doped SnO2, Mn doped CeO2 and Mn doped ZrO2. Of special interest has been the analysis of the electron density distribution within the nano samples. The results give deep insights into the atomic structures on which these crystals are based and on the binding characteristics between the atoms and the ways in which these characteristics can be changed. As the decisive properties of these materials depend upon the electron density distributions and their variations due to sample preparation specifics, temperature and the presence of doping elements, these results give important hints on the direction in which further research should be directed.
Charge density analysis of materials provides a firm basis for the evaluation of the properties of materials. The design and engineering of a new combination of metals requires a firm knowledge of intermolecular features. Recent advances in technology and high-speed computation have made the crystal X-ray diffraction technique a unique tool for the determination of charge density distribution in molecular crystal. Methods have been developed to make experimental probes capable of unraveling the features of charge densities in the intra- and inter-molecular regions of crystal structures. In Metal and Alloy Bonding - An Experimental Analysis, the structural details of materials are elucidated with the X-ray diffraction technique. Analyses of the charge density and the local and average structure are given to reveal the structural properties of technologically important materials. Readers will gain a new understanding of the local and average structure of existing materials. The electron density, bonding, and charge transfer studies in Metal and Alloy Bonding - An Experimental Analysis contain useful information for researchers in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and metallurgy. The properties described in these studies can contribute to the successful engineering of these technologically important materials.
Developing materials for SOFC applications is one of the key topics in energy research. The book focuses on manganite structured materials, such as doped lanthanum chromites and lanthanum manganites, which have interesting properties: thermal and chemical stability, mixed ionic and electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, magnetocaloric property and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). These materials have applications in solid oxide fuel cells, high temperature NOx sensors, hard disk read heads, magnetic sensors and magnetoresistive random access memories. For the first time, the charge density distributions have been studied in these materials as synthesized by high temperature solid state reaction. Charge density analysis is helpful in understanding the physical and chemical properties of materials and in developing optimized structures. The morphological, elemental, optical and magnetic properties of the materials have also been studied. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFC, Manganite Structured Materials, Lanthanum Chromites, Lanthanum Manganites, Electrocatalytic Activity, Magnetocaloric Property, Colossal Magnetoresistance, High Temperature NOx Sensors, Hard Disk Read Heads, Magnetic Sensors, Magnetoresistive Random Access Memories, Charge Density Distribution
Barium titanate is one of the most important electronic materials; due to its high permittivity, low dielectric loss and high tunability. The environment friendly material is suitable for microphones and microwave device applications such as tunable capacitors, delay lines, filters, resonators and phase shifters. Doped titanates are extensively used for various electronic devices, such as transducers, piezoelectric actuators, passive memory storage devices, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), positive temperature coefficient resistors (PTCR), optoelectronic devices and infrared sensors. The book presents research results concerning the electron density distribution in a number of doped barium titanate ceramic materials using experimental X-ray diffraction data, UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis of interatomic bonding and electron density distribution is important for predicting the properties of potentially important materials and has previously been lacking for the materials studied. Barium Titanate, Barium Titanate Doping, Dielectric Ceramics, Permittivity, Tunability, Transducers, Piezoelectric Actuators, Memory Storage Devices, Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, Optoelectronic Devices, X-Ray Diffraction Data, UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Interatomic Bonding, Electron Density Distribution, Ceramic Property Predictions.
Effective utilization of equipment is critical to any manufacturing operation, especially with today's sophisticated, high-cost equipment and increased global competition. To meet these challenges in the manufacturing industry, you must understand and implement the myriad conventional and intelligent techniques for different types of manufacturing problems. Manufacturing Optimization Through Intelligent Techniques covers design of machine elements, integrated product development, machining tolerance allocation, selection of operating parameters for CNC machine tools, scheduling, part family formation, selection of robot coordinates, robot trajectory planning and both conventional and intelligent techniques, providing the tools to design and implement a suitable optimization technique. The author explores how to model optimization problems, select suitable techniques, develop the optimization algorithm and software, and implement the program. The book delineates five new techniques using examples taken from the literature for optimization problems in design, tolerance allocation; selection of machining parameters, integrated product development, scheduling, concurrent formation of machine groups and part families, selection of robot co-ordinates, robot trajectory planning and intelligent machining. All the manufacturing functions described have been successfully solved by Genetic Algorithm. Other intelligent techniques have been implemented only for solving certain types of problems: simulated annealing; design and scheduling, particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization; tolerance allocation and tabu search; as well as machining parameters optimization. After reading this book, you will understand the different types of manufacturing optimization problems as well as the conventional and intelligent techniques suitable for solving them. You will also be able to develop and implement effective optimization procedures and algorithms for a wide variety of problems in design manufacturing.
Pharmaceutical biochemistry is a much-awaited book in the field of Pharmacy. Targeted mainly to B. Pharmacy & Pharm-D students, this book will also be useful for medical, dental, nursing, and other paramedical students. The main objective of this book is to attract undergraduate pharmacy students and make them understand the basic biochemical process which can be applied in Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology. Thus, the book is aimed to eliminate the inadequacy in teaching and learning Pharmaceutical Biochemistry by providing detailed information about the biomolecules and their metabolic process. Salient Features: · As per the PCI revised syllabus the coverage is complete with the basics as well as 2nd semester B. Pharm and 1st-year Pharm-D portion. · The content of this book is innovative and presented in 12 chapters with a simple and uniform pattern of explanation along with all biochemical reactions. · To make the learning comfortable and magnetize attention we have used well-labeled diagrams, illustrations, flow charts, simplified and schematic represented biomolecule classification. We have also provided metabolic pathways in an easy-to-understand manner highlighted with chemical structure, type of reaction, energy, and inhibitors, and a detailed and simplified explanation of all biochemical reactions. · Highlighted structural changes in each and every step of biochemical reaction and Metabolic pathway illustration without structure also included for easy revision. · Easy remembrance of enzyme name from the reason behind the naming. · Student-friendly schematic representation of principles for biochemical tests and flow chart representation of a procedure for biochemical tests.Contents: Part – I: Basic Biochemistry 1. Introduction to Biochemistry 2. Enzymes Part – II: Biomolecules & its metabolism 3. Carbohydrates & Its Metabolism 4. Lipids & Its Metabolism 5. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 6. Nucleic Acid & Its Metabolism Part – III: Clinical Biochemistry 7. Introduction to Clinical Chemistry 8. Kidney Function Tests or Renal Function Tests 9. Liver Function Test 10. Lipid Profile Tests 11. Immunochemical Techniques 12. Water, Electrolytes and Acid-base Balance
This book takes a reproductive justice approach to argue that surrogacy as practised in the contemporary neoliberal biomarkets crosses the humanitarian thresholds of feminism. Drawing on her ethnographic work with surrogate mothers, intended parents and medical practitioners in India, the author shows the dark connections between poverty, gender, human rights violations and indignity in the surrogacy market. In a developing country like India, bio-technologies therefore create reproductive objects of certain female bodies while promoting an image of reproductive liberation for others. India is a classic example for how far these biomarkets can exploit vulnerabilities for individual requirements in the garb of reproductive liberty. This critical book refers to a range of liberal, radical and postcolonial feminist frameworks on surrogacy, and questions the individual reproductive rights perspective as an approach to examine global surrogacy. It introduces ‘humanitarian feminism’ as an alternative concept to bridge feminist factions divided on contextual and ideological grounds. It hopes to build a global feminist solidarity drawing on a ‘reproductive justice’ approach by recognizing the histories of race, class, gender, sexuality, ability, age and immigration oppression in all communities. This work is of interest to researchers and students of medical sociology and anthropology, gender studies, bioethics, and development studies.
Chapter I provides an introduction to linear optics and the physical origin of non-linear optical phenomena. The principle characterization techniques for analyzing the microstructural, optical and morphological properties of non-linear optical materials are discussed: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also presented are methods for the structural refinement of these materials, as well as the analysis of electron density distribution by means of novel techniques and the corresponding computational procedures. Chapter II describes sample preparation and PXRD analysis of a number of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. Chapter III deals with the optical properties and micro-structural characterization of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. The band gap, crystallite size and particle size of these materials are determined by means of UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray profile analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Also discussed is the elemental compositional analysis for PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. Chapter IV focusses on the electron density distribution analysis of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. The results are presented in the form of electron density maps and profiles. The bonding behavior of these materials is studied using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Chapter V centers on the inter-atomic ordering in non-linear optical materials, and presents computations of the pair distribution function (atomic correlation function) for selected materials.
Thermoelectric materials permit the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric energy, and vice versa. They are therefore of highest technological interest in applications such as solid state coolers, waste heat recovery, sensors and detectors, and power generators including remote power generation. Thermoelectric materials are often called “environmentally green”, and for good reasons. Not only can they help generate electrical energy from waste gases as they are generated in such processes as home heating, industrial fabrication and automotive motion. In cooling applications they eliminate the use of chemical refrigerant gases. Moreover, as thermoelectric conversion devices have no moving parts, they operate silently and have a very long life expectancy. The only current drawback of these devices is their poor efficiency. Scientists all over the world are therefore studying the structural, thermoelectric, charge-density and magnetic properties of the most promising types of these materials at the atomic and electronic level. In addition to providing an introduction to the field, the main objective of this book is to present the results of the growth and structural characterization of thermoelectric materials that are of high current interest; including Mg2Si, PbTe, Bi1-xSbx, Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3, Sn1-xGexTe and InSb.
Most of the pipelines used for the transport of various fluids are susceptible to the formation of biofilms, and the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms in pipelines leads to biodeterioration and increases the maintenance cost of the pipelines. This book focuses on nanostructured polymetallic coatings for corrosion and biofouling protection in offshore oil and gas pipelines, marine pipelines, ship structures and port facilities, and corrosion resistance surfaces of several engineered structures. Considering various reasons of biofouling in pipelines that transport crude and refined petroleum, gas, biofuels, and other fluids including sewage, slurry, and water for drinking or irrigation, the underlying mechanism is thoroughly explained. A comparison of various protective techniques is also highlighted for the choice of methods for specific applications. Features: Provides information on biofouling control with broad significance and applicability in various industrial and research areas. Discusses microbially induced corrosion on biofuel transporting pipelines. Includes data from experiments conducted to overcome biofouling and biocorrosion. Gives out particular attention to metallic coatings and environmental considerations. Explores novel technologies preventing biofouling on metallic and polymeric substrates. This book is for researchers and graduate students in Coatings and Paints, Microbiology, Bioprocess Engineering, Biotechnology, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Marine Engineering, Surface and Corrosion Engineering, and Water and Wastewater Treatment.
This book delves into the profound and universal bond of friendship, exploring both its joys and complexities. It examines the dynamics of positive and negative relationships, highlighting notable examples of remarkable friendships from historical texts and revered writings. By offering insights into how these bonds have been celebrated and valued across cultures, the book provides a comprehensive view of friendship's evolution through history, literature, and contemporary society. It captures the essence of this cherished connection in all its forms and nuances.
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