“Gitanjali” of Rabindranath Tagore: With Critical Evaluations, which was originally published with the same title and content in 2006, depicts Tagore’s spiritual journey towards the Supreme Being. It is a collection of devotional songs in which he offers his prayer to God. But the religious fervour of these songs never affects the poetic beauty. It appeals to the readers with its oceanic depth expressed in simplicity, optimism and spiritual affirmation, richness and variety, humanization of the divine, use of domestic image and symbols. The relationship between the Supreme Being and human being is shown. This book is a modest endeavour to evaluate the complete poems. Nature, common people, music, humanity, sympathy and sense-perceptions are the core feelings of these poems. Tagore uses a wide range of vivid and picturesque image and symbols, which are drawn from everyday life as well as from age-old myths. Several symbols like light, boat, cloud, pitcher, flute, palace, flowers, river, star, sky recur in his songs. These natural objects are used to convey deeper spiritual truth.
This book is expected to be of great help to students and teachers in studying English literature especially in fiction and non-fiction writings Indian and African American literature. It deals with several ideologies and theories in order to evaluate the chosen authors in English.
This book will help the Indian and the foreign students to learn about Indian Classical studies in poetry and narrative art. A comparison between these two epics throw light on myths, exile and narratives. In India a recent trend of growing Hinduism is noticed in while studying Hindu scriptures of mahakvyas and the Puranas. This study of epics in English will attract the Indologists of the world.
Dramas and Sonnets of William Shakespeare Vol. 1 is helpful to every learner of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) who, doubtless, saw himself as merely another professional man of the theatre who moved almost casually from play-acting to playwriting. And indeed he was very much a man of his time, a man of the Elizabethan theatre, who learnt to exploit brilliantly the stagecraft, the acting, and the pub¬lic taste of his day. It happens very rarely in the history of literature that a craftsman who has acquired perfect control of his medium, masterly ease in handling the techniques and conventions of his day, is also a universal genius of the highest order, combining with his technical proficiency a unique ability to render experience in poetic language and an uncanny, intuitive understanding of hu¬man psychology. Man of the theatre, poet and expert in the human passions, Shakespeare has appealed equally to those who admire the art with which he renders a story in terms of the acted drama or the insight with which he presents states of mind and complex¬ities of attitude or the unsurpassed brilliance he shows in giving conviction and a new dimension to the utterances of his characters through the poetic speech he puts in their mouths. It is a remark¬able combination of qualities. Yet he was no poetic genius descending on the theatre from above, but a working dramatist who found himself in catering for the public theatre of his day. Unquestionably the greatest poetic dramatist of Europe, he was also Marlowe’s successor, the heir to a tradition of playwriting, which we saw developing in the preceding chapter. His contemporaries saw him as one dramatist among others—a good one, and a popular one, but no transcendent genius who left all others far behind—and to the end of his active life he showed no reluctance to collaborate with other playwrights.
This is a critical handbook on T. S. Eliot’s poetical works and verse dramas with their text and critical interpretation for students of Asian and African countries. An exhaustive discussion is made through critical analysis of Eliot’s literary personality as a poet and theorist. Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s until late in the century. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays, he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. The publication of Four Quartets led to his recognition as the greatest living English poet and man of letters, and in 1948 he was awarded both the Order of Merit and the Nobel Prize for Literature. Eliot was to pursue four careers: editor, dramatist, literary critic, and philosophical poet. He was probably the most erudite poet of his time in the English language. His undergraduate poems were “literary” and conventional. His first important publication, and the first masterpiece of Modernism in English, was “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”. The poem “The Waste Land” is known for its obscure nature—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time. Eliot’s concern with faith and doubt, chaos and calamity and decline in the sensibility of the modern people is reflected through his poems and plays. Modernity and the sense for the modernist make him unparalleled and the most popular modern poet. His great musical sense in his poetry reminds of his use of rhymes, metre and rhythm. This rimming of poetry with music brings meaningful beauty and concept.
Literary theory and criticism aims to cater to the academic requirements of college and university students and research scholars. Among the students of English literature, it is found that they are mostly engaged in genres like poetry, novel, drama, prose and essay. My endeavour for such students and scholars is to make this book a supplement to their marginalized genres such as ‘theory and criticism’.
The Genius of George Bernard Shaw is a criticism of George Bernard Shaw’s work that explores his art, aesthetics, philosophy, and revolutionary ideas. Shaw wrote his plays raising and dealing with the problems of individuals, families, society, nations, and the world. It is occasionally stated that Shaw’s support for totalitarianism grew out of his frustration with nineteenth-century liberalism, which ineffectually culminated in a disastrous world war. Yet, close analysis to two of Shaw’s Major Critical Essays from the 1890s shows that even then Shaw expressed a desire for a ruthless man of action unencumbered by the burden of conscience to come on the scene and establish a new world order, to initiate the utopian epoch. Indeed, further analysis of a number of plays from before the war shows the impulse to be persistent and undeniable. Shaw hated disorder, and he wanted to see society managed efficiently by a small caste of technocratic experts who were at the same time, in Karl Popper’s memorable phrase, utopian social engineers. He had very little confidence in the average man and woman, who could not work mentally at the same speed? as the Fabian executive committee, his ideal of what a ruling caste would look like. Shaw’s ideal society, what I am calling his utopian vision, resembles Plato’s ideal city or Comte’s Religion of Humanity more than any society that has presumably ever existed on earth. This need for absolute order and control found many means of expression in both his life and work and was intricately bound up with his longing for perfection. This book is useful for world teachers, students, and research scholars in English in schools, colleges, universities all over the world.
This book is mainly focused on inter-disciplinary studies in English literature and language. All streams of evolutionary and civilization theories and practices have been discussed. The forgotten Marxists and Marxism have been re- discussed with theories from other disciplines such as Freudian and psychoanalytical. This is very interesting to walk in the corridor of literature, economics, political science, society and socialism, science and technology, democracy to bio racy, from simple to super and over. Modern smile, cry, glamour and sex. That literature now has created an empire by raising philosophical questions from science and religion; from society to sociology and social science.
My Poetry My Life is an anthology of poems composed from 1972 to the present. One may call it my lifetime poetical excursions. The mood and attitude cover different sentiments and emotions through vistas of life. Like many aspects of literature and art, the attitude is subjective. One reader might experience the work differently than another. By using a specific attitude, the writer can create a real feeling and deep characters that have genuine personalities. The writer’s attitude towards those characters comes out in how they behave. It might be humorous, light-hearted, serious or critical. All of these, and more, are common in prose and verse writing. The keynote frequency of this anthology may be sucked in through these lines— "This is not a sudden change, This is the escheat of possibilities.
This book explores the question of Yeats’s identity as an important issue in the criticism of the Irish poet. The identity of the poet with the advent of postcolonial theory into Irish studies in general and Yeats’s studies in particular, this controversial issue has gained new dimensions. Whether Yeats was a revolutionary and anti-colonial nationalist or a poet with unionist and colonialist inclinations has been the subject of much debate and less agreement. One can justify any of these versions of Yeats by concentrating on some of his works and utterances and ignoring some others. However, this will result in an incomplete and partial picture of a complex, multidimensional, and ever-changing poet such as Yeats. It explores the different aspects of W. B. Yeats’s poetic theory and political ideology. It also studies Yeats’s modernity and influences on his contemporaries as well as successors, such as T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound and W. B. Aden. Though three common themes in Yeats’ poetry are love, Irish nationalism and mysticism, modernism is the overriding theme in his writings. Yeats started his long literary career as a romantic poet and gradually evolved into a modernist poet. As a typical modern poet, he regrets the post-war modern world, which is now in disorder and chaotic tuition and laments the past.
The Communist Party’s attitude toward art in this period was, in general, epiphenomenal of its economic policy. A resolution of 1925 voiced the party’s refusal to sanction anyone’s literary faction. This reflected the New Economic Policy (NEP) of a limited free-market economy. The period of the First Five-Year Plan (1928–1932) saw a more or less voluntary return to a more committed artistic posture, and during the second Five-Year Plan (1932–1936), this commitment was crystallized in the formation of a Writers’ Union. The first congress of this union in 1934, featuring speeches by Maxim Gorky and Bukharin, officially adopted socialist realism, as defined primarily by Andrei Zhdanov (1896–1948). Aptly dubbed by Terry Eagleton as “Stalin’s cultural thug,” it was Zhdanov whose proscriptive shadow thenceforward fell over Soviet cultural affairs. Although Nikolai Bukharin’s speech at the congress had attempted a synthesis of Formalist and sociological attitudes, premised on his assertion that within “the microcosm of the word is embedded the macrocosm of history,” Bukharin was eventually to fall from his position as the leading theoretician of the party: his trial and execution, stemming from his political and economic differences with Stalin, were also symptomatic of the fact that Formalism soon became a sin once more. Bukharin had called for socialist realism to portray not reality “as it is” but rather as it exists in socialist imagination.
Shakespeare at best answers the needs of a particular generation in one country or another. Those needs vary: directors and actors, audiences and common readers, scholar-teachers and students do not necessarily seek the same aids for understanding. Shakespeare is an international possession, transcending nations, languages and professions. More than the Bible, which competes with the Koran, and with Indian and Chinese religious writings, Shakespeare is unique in the world’s culture, not just in the world’s theatres. Shakespeare’s literary and cultural authority is now so unquestioned that it has taken on an aura of historical inevitability and has enshrined the figure of the solitary author as the standard bearer of literary production. It is all the more important, then, to suggest that Shakespeare had a genius for timing—managing to be born in exactly the right place and at the right time to nourish his particular form of greatness. He regularly demonstrates and celebrates the ideas and ideals of Renaissance humanism, often—even in his tragic plays—presenting characters that embody the principles and ideals of Renaissance humanism, or people of tremendous self-knowledge and wit that are capable of self-expression and the practice of individual freedom. Shakespeare himself can be understood as the ultimate product of Renaissance humanism; he was an artist who openly practised and celebrated with a deep understanding of humanity and an uncanny ability for self-expression.
The Genius of Aldous Huxley is an attempt to make a critical analysis of Aldous Huxley’s novels, essays and plays. The significant results of his stance in terms of his critical heritage were threefold: the explicit message of the later fiction struck most readers as being detrimental to its artistry; criticism of Huxley’s craft often became indistinguishable from criticism of his ideas; the popular response to Huxley’s work continued to grow, but the critical reception declined. While they were looking to him for guidance, practically none of Huxley’s readers were prepared for the directions he took in the coming books. His critics had so consistently overlooked the deeper import of the earlier work that the new outspoken idealism seemed an abrupt reversal, if not a contradiction of attitudes. The shift of emphasis in Huxley’s work introduced during the war years a period of new ferment and trial for his critical reputation. The volume of response never slackened; if anything, it increased. He has revealed himself as one of the few capable makers of cultural synthesis in our time. His concern for mankind is so obvious that one can only think readers who see nothing in his later fiction but obsessions and bitterness are incapable of appreciating his intentions or his powers.
Shakespeare at best answers the needs of a particular generation in one country or another. Those needs vary: directors and actors, audiences and common readers, scholar-teachers and students do not necessarily seek the same aids for understanding. Shakespeare is an international possession, transcending nations, languages and professions. More than the Bible, which competes with the Koran, and with Indian and Chinese religious writings, Shakespeare is unique in the world’s culture, not just in the world’s theatres. Shakespeare’s literary and cultural authority is now so unquestioned that it has taken on an aura of historical inevitability and has enshrined the figure of the solitary author as the standard bearer of literary production. It is all the more important, then, to suggest that Shakespeare had a genius for timing—managing to be born in exactly the right place and at the right time to nourish his particular form of greatness. He regularly demonstrates and celebrates the ideas and ideals of Renaissance humanism, often—even in his tragic plays—presenting characters that embody the principles and ideals of Renaissance humanism, or people of tremendous self-knowledge and wit that are capable of self-expression and the practice of individual freedom. Shakespeare himself can be understood as the ultimate product of Renaissance humanism; he was an artist who openly practised and celebrated with a deep understanding of humanity and an uncanny ability for self-expression.
Dramas and Sonnets of William Shakespeare Vol. 1 is helpful to every learner of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) who, doubtless, saw himself as merely another professional man of the theatre who moved almost casually from play-acting to playwriting. And indeed he was very much a man of his time, a man of the Elizabethan theatre, who learnt to exploit brilliantly the stagecraft, the acting, and the pub¬lic taste of his day. It happens very rarely in the history of literature that a craftsman who has acquired perfect control of his medium, masterly ease in handling the techniques and conventions of his day, is also a universal genius of the highest order, combining with his technical proficiency a unique ability to render experience in poetic language and an uncanny, intuitive understanding of hu¬man psychology. Man of the theatre, poet and expert in the human passions, Shakespeare has appealed equally to those who admire the art with which he renders a story in terms of the acted drama or the insight with which he presents states of mind and complex¬ities of attitude or the unsurpassed brilliance he shows in giving conviction and a new dimension to the utterances of his characters through the poetic speech he puts in their mouths. It is a remark¬able combination of qualities. Yet he was no poetic genius descending on the theatre from above, but a working dramatist who found himself in catering for the public theatre of his day. Unquestionably the greatest poetic dramatist of Europe, he was also Marlowe’s successor, the heir to a tradition of playwriting, which we saw developing in the preceding chapter. His contemporaries saw him as one dramatist among others—a good one, and a popular one, but no transcendent genius who left all others far behind—and to the end of his active life he showed no reluctance to collaborate with other playwrights.
“Gitanjali” of Rabindranath Tagore: With Critical Evaluations, which was originally published with the same title and content in 2006, depicts Tagore’s spiritual journey towards the Supreme Being. It is a collection of devotional songs in which he offers his prayer to God. But the religious fervour of these songs never affects the poetic beauty. It appeals to the readers with its oceanic depth expressed in simplicity, optimism and spiritual affirmation, richness and variety, humanization of the divine, use of domestic image and symbols. The relationship between the Supreme Being and human being is shown. This book is a modest endeavour to evaluate the complete poems. Nature, common people, music, humanity, sympathy and sense-perceptions are the core feelings of these poems. Tagore uses a wide range of vivid and picturesque image and symbols, which are drawn from everyday life as well as from age-old myths. Several symbols like light, boat, cloud, pitcher, flute, palace, flowers, river, star, sky recur in his songs. These natural objects are used to convey deeper spiritual truth.
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