Recent years have seen a rapid development of neural network control tech niques and their successful applications. Numerous simulation studies and actual industrial implementations show that artificial neural network is a good candidate for function approximation and control system design in solving the control problems of complex nonlinear systems in the presence of different kinds of uncertainties. Many control approaches/methods, reporting inventions and control applications within the fields of adaptive control, neural control and fuzzy systems, have been published in various books, journals and conference proceedings. In spite of these remarkable advances in neural control field, due to the complexity of nonlinear systems, the present research on adaptive neural control is still focused on the development of fundamental methodologies. From a theoretical viewpoint, there is, in general, lack of a firmly mathematical basis in stability, robustness, and performance analysis of neural network adaptive control systems. This book is motivated by the need for systematic design approaches for stable adaptive control using approximation-based techniques. The main objec tives of the book are to develop stable adaptive neural control strategies, and to perform transient performance analysis of the resulted neural control systems analytically. Other linear-in-the-parameter function approximators can replace the linear-in-the-parameter neural networks in the controllers presented in the book without any difficulty, which include polynomials, splines, fuzzy systems, wavelet networks, among others. Stability is one of the most important issues being concerned if an adaptive neural network controller is to be used in practical applications.
Invariant manifold theory serves as a link between dynamical systems theory and turbulence phenomena. This volume consists of research notes by author S. S. Sritharan that develop a theory for the Navier-Stokes equations in bounded and certain unbounded geometries. The main results include spectral theorems and analyticity theorems for semigroups and invariant manifolds. "This monograph contains a lot of useful information, including much that cannot be found in the standard texts on the Navier-Stokes equations," observed MathSciNet, adding "the book is well worth the reader's attention." The treatment is suitable for researchers and graduate students in the areas of chaos and turbulence theory, hydrodynamic stability, dynamical systems, partial differential equations, and control theory. Topics include the governing equations and the functional framework, the linearized operator and its spectral properties, the monodromy operator and its properties, the nonlinear hydrodynamic semigroup, invariant cone theorem, and invariant manifold theorem. Two helpful appendixes conclude the text.
I reach for my scotch glass. Empty. I slam it down and check my pockets. My hand fumbles with my pack of Woodbines. Damn. I need a ciggy, bad. I shake a smoke out and put it to my lips. I strike a match, light, and inhale. Ah, that’s the ticket. Nothing better than a few drags to calm the nerves. I’d pour myself a drink too. I wouldn’t mind some Vat 69, but I’m fresh out. I look at the photograph again from the case file. It looks like someone I used to know a long time ago. A person who is now long dead, murdered in the same way—a stab and gunshot wound to the stomach. Memories flood my mind of a time that was forgotten. A time briefly filled with hope before being abruptly crushed. A time now best left buried. Long-gone and bygone. No, after looking at this image, no longer bygone. Damn it all. I crush my cigarette into the ashtray on my desk. A ciggy won’t be enough. I am thirsty now, and not just for some Vat 69. My thirst will not be quenched until that bastard is brought down. No way I’m going to let this go. Not this time. I was given this case on purpose. This is my second chance. My chance for redemption. My chance to finally put this godforsaken story to rest. No doubt about it: the Bayonet is back.
The Finite Element Method in Engineering introduces the various aspects of finite element method as applied to engineering problems in a systematic manner. It details the development of each of the techniques and ideas from basic principles. New concepts are illustrated with simple examples wherever possible. Several Fortran computer programs are given with example applications to serve the following purposes: to enable the reader to understand the computer implementation of the theory developed; to solve specific problems; and to indicate procedure for the development of computer programs for solving any other problem in the same area. The book begins with an overview of the finite element method. This is followed by separate chapters on numerical solution of various types of finite element equations; the general procedure of finite element analysis; the development higher order and isoparametric elements; and the application of finite element method for static and dynamic solid and structural mechanics problems like frames, plates, and solid bodies. Subsequent chapters deal with the solution of one-, two-, and three-dimensional steady state and transient heat transfer problems; the finite element solution of fluid mechanics problems; and additional applications and generalization of the finite element method.
A comprehensive coverage, student-friendly approach and the all-steps-explained style. This has made it the best-selling book among all the books on the subject. The author's zeal of presenting the text in line with the syllabuses has resulted in the edition at hand, which continues its run with all its salient features as earlier. Thus, it takes care of all the syllabuses on the subject and fully satisfies the needs of engineering students. KEY FEATURES • Use of SI units • Summary of important concepts and formulae at the end of every chapter • A large number of solved problems presented systematically • A large number of exercise problems to test the students’ ability • Simple and clear explanation of concepts and the underlying theory in each chapter • Generous use of diagrams (more than 550) for better understanding NEW IN THE FOURTH EDITION ? Overhaul of the text to match the changes in various syllabuses ? Additional topics and chapters for the benefit of mechanical engineers, like • Stresses and strains in two- and three-dimensional systems, and Hooke's law • Euler's buckling load and secant formula • Deflection of determinate beams using moment area and conjugate beam methods • Deflection of beams and rigid frames by energy methods ? Redrawing of some diagrams
As the first of its kind, this book provides a valuable introduction for scientists and engineers interested in liquid/fluid interfaces and disperse systems to the rapidly developing area of adsorption dynamics. It is the first extensive review available on the subject of dynamics of adsorption and gives a general summary of the current state of adsorption kinetics theory and experiments. Current progress in recently designed set-ups and improved and generalised known methods for studying interfacial relaxations is reviewed. In addition, the role of the electric charge of surfactants in the adsorption process is discussed in terms of a non-equilibrium distribution of adsorbing ions in the diffuse layer. Present theories of the effect of dynamic adsorption layers on mobile surfaces, such as moving drops and bubbles, based on both diffusion and kinetic controlled adsorption models are described and efficient approximate analytical methods to solve the mathematical problem of coupling surfactant transport and hydrodynamics are introduced. The role of a dynamic adsorption layer in bubble rising, film drainage and film stabilisation and in complex processes such as flotation and microflotation is discussed. Containing more than 1100 references, the book is essential reading for industrial scientists and graduate and post-graduate students in physical, surface and colloid chemistry, physico-chemical hydrodynamics, water purification and mineral processing.
1.1. Introduction Vamsadhara basin lies in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh States. It is bounded on the north by the Mahanadi basin, on the northeast by the Rushikulya basin, on the west by the Nagavali basin and on the east by the Bay of Bengal. The catchment area is mostly hilly. Since the surface is mostly covered with kankar and murum, the run -off is moderate in the basin. Vamsadhara is an important east flowing river between Mahanadi and Godavari. The river rises just south of the Belagad village in the undivided phulbani district of Orissa at an elevation of about 600m. The important between Orissa and Andhra Pradesh and 73 km is in Andhra Pradesh. The important tributaries of Vamsadhara are Chuvaldhua, Poladi, Gungudu, Sannanoi and Mahendratanaya, Bhangipedda, Peddadedda and Bellagedda. The catchment area of the Vamsadhara River is 10,515 is taken up for the examination of the problem. The river is prone to frequent floods. This is interstate drainage basin between Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The river joints the sea at Kalingapatnam after traversing 230 kms in both the states which 8,611 km2 lies in Orissa State (1.178 km2 in Phulbani, 191 km2 in Kalahandi, 4,056 km2 in Koraput and 3,501 km2 in Ganjam districs ) and 1,904 km2 lies in Andhra Pradeh State (221 km2 in Vizianagaram and 1,683 km2 in Srikakulam districts).
This is the first book on 'Coactions and Competition in Plants' worldwide. It was translated from Czech language, because the English is read in most countries of the world, hence, the allelopathy scientists would be able to know the phenomenon of coactions and competition in plants. The allelopathic interactions in coactions and competition in higher plants greatly influences the productivity of field crops, fruits trees and forest trees in natural and managed ecosystems. In tropical and subtropical countries, many crops are grown in crop mixtures, owing to their several advantages. Likewise, in natural forests, many tree spp. grow together, besides many herbs and shrubs grow underneath their canopy. Now due to increased human population, the farmers to meet the diverse requirements of their families, grows several crops with trees, called Agroforestry. However, little information is available about the allelopathic interactions in coactions and competition in the above agro-ecosystems. Worldwide, it is the only book available on these important aspects. This book consists of 8 Chapters viz., (i) Basic principles, (ii) Competition, (iii) Secondary compounds, (iv) Non-contact coactions, (v) Antagonistic contact coactions, (vi) Synergic contact coactions, (vii) Conclusions, (viii) References and Appendix. It is hoped, that this book will provide inspiration and in-depth knowledge of the coactions and competition in higher plants. This book will be very useful for the Researchers, Teachers and Students of Biosciences (Plant Ecology, Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology) and Agricultural Sciences (Agronomy, Forestry etc).
Versatile solutions to routing network flows in unpredictable circumstances, presenting both mathematical tools and applications. Our increasingly integrated world relies on networks both physical and virtual to transfer goods and information. The Internet is a network of networks that connects people around the world in a real-time manner, but it can be disrupted by massive data flows, diverse traffic patterns, inadequate infrastructure, and even natural disasters and political conflict. Similar challenges exist for transportation and energy distribution networks. There is an urgent need for intelligent and adaptable routing of network flows, and a rich literature has evolved that treats “oblivious network design.” This book offers novel computational schemes for efficiently solving routing problems in unpredictable circumstances and proposes some real world applications for them. The versatile routing schemes mathematically guarantee long-term efficiency and are most appropriate for networks with non-deterministic (or oblivious) current and past states. After an introduction to network design and the importance of routing problems, the book presents mathematical tools needed to construct versatile routing schemes, emphasizing the role of linked hierarchical data structures, both top-down and bottom-up. It then describes two important applications of versatile routing schemes: a secure model for congestion-free content-centric networks (which will play a key role in the future of the Internet) and a novel approach for the distribution of green power resources on a smart electricity grid.
The present world population of about five billion and its projected growth cre ate enonnous pressures and demands for food and industrial raw materials. It is to crop plants, one of our precious few renewable resources, that we must look to meet most of these needs. Globally, about 88% of our caloric requirements and 90% of our protein ultimately derive from plant sources-ample evidence of their importance to humankind. Our survival will therefore continue to de pend on the world's largest and certainly most important industry: agriculture. Yet in spite of our long history of domestication and civilization, the number of crop species involved in sustaining human life is strictly limited: Essentially, some twenty-four crops protect us from starvation. To know these basic food crop plants-to study how they function and how their productivity may be improved--is the first step in solving the world food problem. The primary objectives in writing this book were to address this chal lenge and to review comprehensively the wealth of available yet scattered infor mation on food crop productivity and processing. Unlike several other texts and monographs in this field, the present work was intended to give, in a single volume, a quick, infonnative view of the various problems from field to table concerning the major food crops worldwide.
This book offer a plethora of environmentally benign alternatives to these chemical insecticides. It is hoped that the book will fill the wide gap in literature on utilization of biological and molecular approaches in biointensive IPM as an alternative to chemical insecticide based IPM for sustainable insect pest management in future.
Furnishes exhaustive, single-source coverage of the production and postharvest technology of more than 70 major and minor vegetables grown in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions throughout the world. Provides comparative data for each vegetable presented.
Allelopathy is a new field of science, as the term 'Allelopathy' was coined by Prof. Hans Molisch, a German Plant Physiologist in 1937. Till now lot of Allelopathy research work has been done in various fields of Agricultural and Plant Sciences. However, there is no compilation of various Research Methods used. Every scientist is conducting research in his own way. It is causing lot of problems to researchers working in underdeveloped/Third World Countries in small towns without Library facilities. Therefore, to make available the standard methods for conducting allelopathy research independently, this multi-volume book has been planned. Since allelopathy is multi-disciplinary area of research, hence, volumes have been planned for each discipline. Prof. S.S. Narwal has planned this multi-volume Book Research Methods in Plant Sciences: Allelopahty. Three volumes (Volume 1. Soil Analysis, Volume 2. Plant Protection and Volume 3. Plant Pathogens) of this Book have been released during the IV. International Allelopathy Conference, 2004 at Hisar(India). Five volumes (Volume 4. Plant Analysis, Volume 5. Physiological Processes, Volume 6. Biochemical Processes, Volume 7. Forestry/Agroforestry Research and Volume 8. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of allelochemicals are under preparation. Volume 1. Soil Analysis is consists of 20 Chapters, describing the methods to analyse various types of soil properties. The Book is devided into three Sections: General, Physio-chemical properties and Soil microbiology. It provides complete information for Soil Analysis in simple and lucid language. The Figures/ illustrations have been given at appropriate places in text. It will prove very useful to undergraduate and post graduate students and teaching Faculty for Class Room and Laboratory experiments as well as for research.
Ecology or the relationship of organisms to their environment has in recent years developed into a major biological discipline embracing within its field other disciplines as well. In recent years tendency has been to emphasize the various aspects of ecology from the angle of ecosystem and much stress has been laid on the conservation of natural fauna and flora.The relationship between man and insects dates back since time immemorial. Insects are foes and friends and have always been the subject of interest to human beings. The part played by the insects in any ecosystem, the hazards caused by them and the interest in conserving the beneficial ones form the general theme of the work. Various ecological aspects by taking insects as key animals has been discussed and it is hoped that the book would attract wide attention of students, teachers, researchers and persons involved in environmental as well as integrated pest management.
Both functions of the mammalian ovary, the endocrine and (synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones) and exocrine (production of ova), depend upon the presence and cyclic growth of follicles, as the depletion of primordial follicles from the ovary leads to cessation of these f-unctions or female reproduction in mammals, or to postmenopausal period in humans. Actually, various fertility and sterility problems at the ovarian level are related to follicles. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the biology of ovarian follicles in mammals is of fundamental interest to a wide variety of academic and scientific disciplines. Study of their structure, function, and control involves mor phology, including ultrastructure, cell biology, physiology, endocrinology, biochemis try, immunology, neurobiology and pharmacology. Zoologists take interest in comparative and evolutionary aspects of biology of ovarian follicles in many different groups of mammals. Agricultural scientists and wildlife biologists need a thorough knowledge of the biology of follicles to control more effectively fecundity in domestic animals and endangered species of mammals. Finally, clinical scientists, toxicologists and physicians want to know the normal and pathological features of ovarian follicles in women, especially in relation to health and the regulation of fertility. Having in view the great importance of studying various aspects of biology of ovarian follicles, numerous papers and reviews on several aspects of ovarian follicles are published annually in a wide variety of scientific journals.
How two charismatic, exceptionally talented physicists came to terms with the nuclear weapons they helped to create In 1945, the United States dropped the bomb, and physicists were forced to contemplate disquieting questions about their roles and responsibilities. When the Cold War followed, they were confronted with political demands for their loyalty and McCarthyism's threats to academic freedom. By examining how J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hans A. Bethe—two men with similar backgrounds but divergent aspirations and characters—struggled with these moral dilemmas, one of our foremost historians of physics tells the story of modern physics, the development of atomic weapons, and the Cold War. Oppenheimer and Bethe led parallel lives. Both received liberal educations that emphasized moral as well as intellectual growth. Both were outstanding theoreticians who worked on the atom bomb at Los Alamos. Both advised the government on nuclear issues, and both resisted the development of the hydrogen bomb. Both were, in their youth, sympathetic to liberal causes, and both were later called to defend the United States against Soviet communism and colleagues against anti-Communist crusaders. Finally, both prized scientific community as a salve to the apparent failure of Enlightenment values. Yet their responses to the use of the atom bomb, the testing of the hydrogen bomb, and the treachery of domestic politics differed markedly. Bethe, who drew confidence from scientific achievement and integration into the physics community, preserved a deep integrity. By accepting a modest role, he continued to influence policy and contributed to the nuclear test ban treaty of 1963. In contrast, Oppenheimer first embodied a new scientific persona—the scientist who creates knowledge and technology affecting all humanity and boldly addresses their impact—and then could not carry its burden. His desire to retain insider status, combined with his isolation from creative work and collegial scientific community, led him to compromise principles and, ironically, to lose prestige and fall victim to other insiders. S. S. Schweber draws on his vast knowledge of science and its history—in addition to his unique access to the personalities involved—to tell a tale of two men that will enthrall readers interested in science, history, and the lives and minds of great thinkers.
Et moi ..., si j'avait su comment en revenir, One service mathematics has rendered the human race. It has put common sense back je n'y serais point aile.' Jules Verne where it belongs, on the topmost shel.f next to the dusty canister labelled 'discarded non The series is divergent; therefore we may be sense'. Eric T. Bell able to do something with it. o. Heaviside Mathematics is a tool for thought. A highly necessary tool in a world where both feedback and non linearities abound. Similarly, all kinds of parts of mathematics serve as tools for other parts and for other sciences. Applying a simple rewriting rule to the quote on the right above one finds such statements as: 'One service topology has rendered mathematical physics .. .'; 'One service logic has rendered com puter science .. .'; 'One service category theory has rendered mathematics .. .'. All arguably true. And all statements obtainable this way form part of the raison d'etre of this series.
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