Between 1935 and 1959, the architecture of childhood was at the centre of architectural discourse in a way that is unique in architectural history. Some of the seminal projects of the period, such as the Secondary Modern School at Hunstanton by Peter and Alison Smithson, Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation at Marseilles, or Aldo van Eyck’s playgrounds and orphanage, were designed for children; At CIAM, architects utilized photographs of children to present their visions for reconstruction. The unprecedented visibility of the child to architectural discourse during the period of reconstruction is the starting point for this interdisciplinary study of modern architecture under welfare state patronage. Focusing mainly on England, this book examines a series of innovative buildings and environments developed for children, such as the adventure playground, the Hertfordshire school, the reformed children hospital, Brutalist housing estates, and New Towns. It studies the methods employed by architects, child experts and policy makers to survey, assess and administer the physiological, emotional and developmental needs of the ’user’, the child. It identifies the new aesthetic and spatial order permeating the environments of childhood, based on endowing children with the agency and autonomy to create a self-regulating social order out of their own free will, while rendering their interiority and sociability observable and governable. By inserting the architectural object within a broader social and political context, The Architectures of Childhood situates post-war architecture within the welfare state’s project of governing the self, which most intensively targeted the citizen in the making, the children. Yet the emphasis on the utilization of architecture as an instrument of power does not reduce it into a mere document of social policy, as the author uncovers the surplus of meaning and richness of experience invested in these environments at the historical mom
Though the horror film was not officially born until Universal Pictures released Frankenstein in 1931, there were many silent films that contained terrifying scenes and horrific elements. Many of the early horror soundies drew much of their inspiration for visual design and thematic development from the silents. This filmography includes all silent films that were horrific in nature, containing one or more of the stock horror movie elements, e.g., haunted houses, ghosts, witches, monsters, the occult or hypnotism. Each entry includes release date, running time, cast and credit information, contemporary review quotes when available, and in the case of foreign films, the original title and country of origin.
All the chapters of this book constitute the proceedings of the National Symposium entitled Rhizosphere Biotechnology/Microbes Retrospects and prospects held on 29-30 November, 2004, at Department of Botany, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur (Bihar). This book includes Special lectures, Review articles and Research papers in the form of Book chapters covering almost all aspects of focal theme of the symposium, which will be of immense utility to the researchers, P.G. students and to those working in allied field.
You can feel younger and more vigorous at every age with the help of The 120-Year Diet. Developed by Dr. Roy L. Walford, this high-nutrient, low-calorie diet is based on long-range university studies which suggest that people can retard aging, extend their life span and prevent diseases with the simple dietary measures described.
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