The Handbook of Sex Differences is a four-volume reference work written to assess sex differences, with a primary focus on the human species. Based on the authors’ highly influential 2008 book Sex Differences, these volumes highlight important new research findings from the last decade and a half alongside earlier findings. In this, the work’s fourth and last volume, two related questions are addressed: Are there universal sex differences (i.e., sex differences found in all societies)? And if the answer is yes, what are they and how can each one be theoretically explained? To answer the first of these two questions, this volume condenses much of the research findings amassed in the book’s first three volumes into summary tables. Then, to help identify likely universal sex differences, three versions of social role theory and two versions of evolutionary theory are examined relative to each possible universal sex difference. Consideration is even given to religious scriptures as a sixth type of explanation. In the concluding analyses, 308 likely universal sex differences are identified. No single theory was able to explain all these differences. Nevertheless, the two evolutionary theories were better in this regard than any of the three social role theories, including the recently proposed biosocial version of social role theory. The Handbook of Sex Differences is of importance for any researcher, student, or professional who requires a comprehensive resource on sex differences.
In the 1980s work with elderly people was making up an increasing proportion of the workload of speech therapists, due to the overall increase in the elderly population. At the same time all health professionals, such as nurses working in long-stay wards or nursing homes, had many elderly patients or clients who showed communication difficulties due to general problems such as institutionalization, social skill deficits, poor hearing or dementia. Originally published in 1988, this book provides a practical approach to working with elderly people with speech and communication difficulties. While traditional speech therapy for adults with specific disorders is covered, it focuses primarily upon the ‘indirect’ role of the therapist, working through lay and professional carers, environmental modification and in both hospital and community. The book is likely to appeal principally to speech therapists, but will also interest other professional staff working with elderly people.
Offering new research and analysis on the relation between gender and evolution, this book explains conflict between the sexes and the frequent emergence and stubborn continuation of patriarchal regimes that serve to control the behavior of women in societies around the world, both past and present. Women and men are different, on average. But that does not mean they are unequal. Indeed, understanding average differences is key to the full realization of equality in health care and other dimensions of social life. Hopcroft shows that gender differences in physiology, psychology, and behavior can be traced to slight differences in evolved traits between men and women. These differences exist because of sex differences in investment in offspring, which meant that, in the environment of evolution, some adaptive problems were more important for men to solve than for women, and vice versa. For men, the most important adaptive problem to solve was that of finding a mate. Men who did not solve this problem are not our ancestors. For women, the most important adaptive problem to solve was that of successfully bearing and raising children. Women who did not solve this problem are not our ancestors. These small differences underlie all the differences described in the book, including sex differences in mate preferences, physiology, cognition, aggression, status striving, and emotional experience. It can also help explain the differential treatment of children by parents, the differential success of boys and girls in modern schools, and sex differences in style of communication.
PROFESSIONAL ISSUES IN SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY AND AUDIOLOGY, 4E, International Edition explores the most relevant and critical issues related to professional practice in the field of Communication Sciences and Disorders today. Written by a variety of highly regarded experts in the field, each chapter delves into a critical issue, such as research, education and health care policies, infection prevention, service delivery, multicultural populations, and more. Comprehensive in coverage, the topics provide an up to date view of the profession while preparing readers to earn their ASHA Certificate of Clinical Competence. In-depth discussions also address professional pathways and organizations, employment issues, and ethical-legal considerations to get readers thinking about career advancement and success in any setting.
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