Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are a powerful tool in science, mathematics, economics and finance. This book will help the reader to master the basic theory and learn some applications of SDEs. In particular, the reader will be provided with the backward SDE technique for use in research when considering financial problems in the market, and with the reflecting SDE technique to enable study of optimal stochastic population control problems. These two techniques are powerful and efficient, and can also be applied to research in many other problems in nature, science and elsewhere.
Many important physical variables satisfy certain dynamic evolution systems and can take only non-negative values. Therefore, one can study such variables by studying these dynamic systems. One can put some conditions on the coefficients to ensure non-negative values in deterministic cases. However, as a random process disturbs the system, the components of solutions to stochastic differential equations (SDE) can keep changing between arbitrary large positive and negative values-even in the simplest case. To overcome this difficulty, the author examines the reflecting stochastic differential equation (RSDE) with the coordinate planes as its boundary-or with a more general boundary. Reflecting Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps and Applications systematically studies the general theory and applications of these equations. In particular, the author examines the existence, uniqueness, comparison, convergence, and stability of strong solutions to cases where the RSDE has discontinuous coefficients-with greater than linear growth-that may include jump reflection. He derives the nonlinear filtering and Zakai equations, the Maximum Principle for stochastic optimal control, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal control. Most of the material presented in this book is new, including much new work by the author concerning SDEs both with and without reflection. Much of it appears here for the first time. With the application of RSDEs to various real-life problems, such as the stochastic population and neurophysiological control problems-both addressed in the text-scientists dealing with stochastic dynamic systems will find this an interesting and useful work.
Explore the cutting-edge in self-healing polymers and composites In Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites, a pair of distinguished materials scientists delivers an insightful and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. The book discusses how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair, high temperature applications, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. The authors emphasize the integration of existing techniques with novel synthetic approaches for target-oriented materials design and fabrication. They provide a comprehensive view of this emerging field, allowing new researchers to gather a firm understanding of the framework for creating new materials or applications. Additionally, the book includes: A thorough introduction to the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites, including the advances made by various laboratories and the challenges, trends, and future directions that characterize modern research in the area Comprehensive explorations of the self-healing strategies proposed by the authors, including addition polymerization, systems-based microcapsules and plastic tubes, and more Practical discussions of the application of reversible S-S bonds in self-healing polymers In-depth examinations of intrinsic self-healing via reversible C-ON bonds Perfect for polymer and materials scientists, chemists, and engineers, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Approaches to Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in the polymer, coatings, paints, medical, defense, and pharmaceutical industries.
Regenerative Medicine' is an innovative concept representing a unique approach to the regeneration of functional tissues and organs. This book reveals the scientific principles behind this newly discovered practice while instructing the reader in the procedure of Moist-Exposed Burns Treatment (MEBT) and offering compelling examples of tissue and organ regeneration from ordinary cells incubated in potent nutrient baths. Prof. Xu - the inventor of MEBT and MEBO (Moist-Exposed Burns Ointment) - gives an in-depth description of how healthy and pathological tissues behave in varied treatment environments. Further, he demonstrates that ordinary cells can differentiate into varied organ tissues and, for the first time, introduces MEBT including the use of MEBO to the western scientific community. This publication will add a new dimension to the discussions on burns treatment, stem cells, immunology and cell biology. Burns specialists will learn of the new gold standard in burns treatment, and cell biologists of the potential of ordinary cells.
Based on hundreds of thin sections from granite in China, this book introduces metasomatic textures and their formation mechanism in granite. It also proposes that metasomatic textures can basically be classified into two patterns: hetero-oriented replacement and co-oriented replacement, according to the consistency of orientations of replacive and replaced minerals. The hetero-oriented albitization of K-feldspar is quite distinct from the co-oriented albitization of K-feldspar. They occur separately without transition, although both are generally referred to as albitization of K-feldspar.This unique granite atlas uses a series of color microphotos taken with a quartz plate under crossed polars to clearly illustrate metasomatic mechanisms and superimposed metasomatic processes. The origins of clear albite rim, intergranular swapped albite, K-feldspathization, quartzification, muscovitization, beryllization, myrmekite, small platy albite, perthitic albite, K-feldspar megacryst etc. are comprehensively discussed and explained. The book will appeal to teachers, researchers and students involved in igneous and metamorphic petrology.
A state-of-art guide on the interdisciplinary aspects of design, chemistry, and physical properties of bio-inspired self-healing polymers Inspired by the natural self-healing properties that exist in living organisms—for example, the regenerative ability of humans to heal from cuts and broken bones—interest in self-healing materials is gaining more and more attention. Addressing the broad advances being made in this emerging science, Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites incorporates fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterization, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites to describe how to prepare self-healing polymeric materials, how to increase the speed of crack repair below room temperature, and how to broaden the spectrum of healing agent species. Some of the information readers will discover in this book include: Focus on engineering aspects and theoretical backgrounds of smart materials The systematic route for developing techniques and materials to advance the research and applications of self-healing polymers Integration of existing techniques and introduction of novel synthetic approaches and target-oriented materials design and fabrication Techniques for characterizing the healing process of polymers and applications of self-healing polymers and polymer composites Practical aspects of self-healing technology in various industrial fields, such as electronics, automotive, construction, chemical production, and engineering With this book, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field, while new researchers will understand the framework necessary for innovating new self-healing solutions.
This book discusses coastal defense measures, which have not improved in the past few decades, and better alternatives. It emphasizes on the existence of stable bays in coastal geomorphology and their use in coastal stabilization. The conventional measures for saving beaches, such as seawalls, groins, offshore breakwaters, and renourishment, are discussed in detail, followed by an alternative known as headland control. Many types of coast, and the respective defense measures, are discussed, especially for eroding beaches downcoast of harbors with long breakwaters. The formation of offshore bars during storms is examined and the design of stable recreational beaches is demonstrated. Practical design problems are discussed in all cases. Many issues requiring attention in coastal engineering are also outlined.
In the last decade, great advances have been made in fundamental research and in the applications of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. These techniques have become vital tools for laboratory analysis. Bioluminescence imaging has emerged as a powerful new optical imaging technique, offering real-time monitoring of spatial and temporal progression of biological processes in living animals. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) methodology has also emerged as a powerful technique for the study of proteinprotein interactions. Luciferase reporter gene technology facilitates monitoring of gene expression and is used to probe molecular mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression. Chemiluminescence detection and analysis have also found diverse applications in life science research; for example, chemiluminescent labels and substrates are now widely used in immunoassay and nucleic acid probe-based assays. The latest advances in this exciting field, from fundamental research to cutting-edge applications, are explored in this most recent volume of the biannual symposium series, the Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. The volume highlights advances in fundamental knowledge of luciferase-based bioluminescence, photoprotein-based bioluminescence, fundamental aspects and applications of chemiluminescence, luminescence imaging, fluorescence quantum dots and other inorganic fluorescent materials, phosphorescence and ultraweak luminescence, and instrumentation for measurement and imaging of luminescence.
This book provides an overview of electronic and optical properties of graphite-related systems. It presents a well-developed and up-to-date theoretical model and addresses important advances in essential properties and diverse quantization phenomena. Key features include various Hamiltonian models, dimension-enriched carbon-related systems, complete and unusual results, detailed comparisons with the experimental measurements, clear physical pictures, and further generalizations to other emergent 2D materials. It also covers potential applications, such as touch-screen panel devices, FETs, supercapacitors, sensors, LEDs, solar cells, photodetectors, and photomodulators.
Dental Biotribology summarizes the latest achievements in dental wear and is designed to help the reader better understand the relationship between structures and tribological properties of human teeth. This book provides guidance on the biomimic design of anti-wear engineering systems based on human teeth and also explains mechanisms of occlusal wear and erosion as well as fretting wear related to dental implants and orthodontics. Additionally, this book provides valuable insights into the development of improved dental materials and oral treatments.
This book provides the research directions for new or junior researchers who are going to use machine learning approaches for biological pattern discovery. The book was written based on the research experience of the author's several research projects in collaboration with biologists worldwide. The chapters are organised to address individual biological pattern discovery problems. For each subject, the research methodologies and the machine learning algorithms which can be employed are introduced and compared. Importantly, each chapter was written with the aim to help the readers to transfer their knowledge in theory to practical implementation smoothly. Therefore, the R programming environment was used for each subject in the chapters. The author hopes that this book can inspire new or junior researchers' interest in biological pattern discovery using machine learning algorithms.
In Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Rong Xinjiang provides an accessible overview of Dunhuang studies, an academic field that emerged following the discovery of a medieval monastic library at the Mogao caves near Dunhuang. The manuscripts were hidden in a cave at the beginning of the 11th century and remained unnoticed until 1900, when a Daoist monk accidentally found them and subsequently sold most of them to foreign explorers and scholars. The availability of this unprecedented amount of first-hand material from China’s middle period provided a stimulus for a number of scholarly fields both in China and the West. Rong Xinjiang’s book provides, for the first time in English, a convenient summary of the history of Dunhuang studies and its contribution to scholarship.
This textbook summarizes physical aspects of materials at atomic and molecular level, and discusses micro-structure of metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. It further explains point defects, dislocations and surface imperfections, and the motions of atoms and molecular in solid state. As first volume in the set, it prepares students for further studies on phases and transitions which are discussed in the next volume.
Given such properties as low density and high strength, polymer matrix composites have become a widely used material in the aerospace and other industries. Polymer matrix composites and technology provides a helpful overview of these materials, their processing and performance.After an introductory chapter, part one reviews the main reinforcement and matrix materials used as well as the nature of the interface between them. Part two discusses forming and molding technologies for polymer matrix composites. The final part of the book covers key aspects of performance, including tensile, compression, shear and bending properties as well as impact, fatigue and creep behaviour.Polymer matrix composites and technology provides both students and those in industry with a valuable introduction to and overview of this important class of materials. Provides a helpful overview of these materials, their processing and performance incorporating naming and classification of composite materials Reviews the main reinforcement and matrix materials used as well as the nature of the interface between them including damage mechanisms Discusses forming and molding technologies for polymer matrix composites outlining various techniques and technologies
Chen Zhen volunteers to live in a remote settlement on the border of Inner and Outer Mongolia. There, he discovers life of apparent idyllic simplicity based on an eternal struggle between the wolves and the humans in their fight to survive. Chen learns about the spiritual relationship which exists between these adversaries.
Unique in focusing on both organic and inorganic materials from a system point of view, this text offers a complete overview of printed electronics integrated with classical silicon electronics. Following an introduction to the topic, the book discusses the materials and processes required for printed electronics, covering conducting, semiconducting and insulating materials, as well as various substrates, such as paper and plastics. Subsequent chapters describe the various building blocks for printed electronics, while the final part describes the resulting novel applications and technologies, including wearable electronics, RFID tags and flexible circuit boards. Suitable for a broad target group, both industrial and academic, ranging from mechanical engineers to ink developers, and from chemists to engineers.
Headland-bay beaches (HBBs) are ubiquitous in coastal environment. They exist around the world naturally or artificially as byproduct of engineering project. Though in various shapes, sizes and stability, a HBB in static equilibrium not only is a delight for visitors, but also offers hope for better beach protection, restoration, recreation, and shoreline management. With an empirical parabolic model now available, the stability of an existing HBB can be verified, the future bay shape downdrift of a harbor can be predefined, and a stable HBB can be designed.Although a plethora of books are available for coastal and ocean engineering and geomorphology, only a countable few have covered engineering applications of HBBs. On the contrary, this book with focus on the HBBs in static equilibrium aims to offer a comprehensive volume with knowledge and applications for coastal scientists, engineers, managers, students, and the general public interested in HBBs. Useful software tools for HBBs (MEPBAY, MeePaSoL, and SMC) are introduced in the book to aid in applications.The authors have set out to make this book the first unique publication on HBBs, by bringing together the old coastal geomorphic knowledge and new concepts for static bay beaches. This book also provides numerous examples using the static bay beach concept to assist coastal scientists and engineers on planning and pre-design of a stable HBB, and for experimentalists, consultants, and numerical modelers to alleviate the burden of comparing planning options and conducting laborious physical experiments on coastal sedimentation problems.
This book of text, cases and materials from Asia is designed for scholars and students of constitutional law and comparative constitutional law. The book is divided into 11 chapters, arranged thematically around key ideas and controversies, enabling the reader to work through the major facets of constitutionalism in the region. The book begins with a lengthy introduction that critically examines the study of constitutional orders in 'Asia', highlighting the histories, colonial influences, and cultural particularities extant in the region. This chapter serves both as a provisional orientation towards the major constitutional developments seen in Asia – both unique and shared with other regions – and as a guide to the controversies encountered in the study of constitutional law in Asia. Each of the following chapters is framed by an introductory essay setting out the issues and succinctly highlighting critical perspectives and themes. The approach is one of 'challenge and response', whereby questions of constitutional importance are posed and the reader is then led, by engaging with primary and secondary materials, through the way the various Asian states respond to these questions and challenges. Chapter segments are accompanied by notes, comments and questions to facilitate critical and comparative analysis, as well as recommendations for further reading.The book presents a representative range of Asian materials from jurisdictions including: Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, South Korea, Sri Lanka , Taiwan, Timor-Leste and the 10 ASEAN states.
This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.
This book develops several novel foam-filled structures and steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich structures, which provides more alternatives for ensuring the safety of buildings and infrastructures under extreme loading, like impact and blast. In the first part of this book, the aluminium foam- and polyurethane foam-filled structures have been developed for dissipating impact and blast energy. Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to obtain their behaviours under impact loading. In addition, analytical models have also been proposed to assess their energy absorption performances and facilitate the impact and blast design when using the proposed foam-filled structures. In the second part of this book, SCS sandwich structures with novel shear connectors have been developed and their behaviours under impact and blast loading have been experimentally, numerically and analytical studied. Analytical models for predicting the impact and blast responses of SCS sandwich structures have also been developed. In the third part of this book, a new steel-polyurethane foam-steel-concrete-steel (SPUFSCS) panel (i.e. the combination of foam material and SCS panel) has been developed to achieve a higher impact resistant capacity. Owing to the increasing impact and blast threats on buildings and infrastructures, the studies presented in this book are of significant importance for providing several new solutions for impact and blast enhancement.
The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges Between East and West, originally written in Chinese by Rong Xinjiang and now translated into English, provides insights into previously unresolved issues concerning the interactions among the societies, economies, religions and cultures of the “Western Regions”, and beyond, during the first millennium.
This study takes Lamentations as an integrated unity of form and content and considers the mini-acrostic in Lam 5:19-20 as crucial for the interpretation of the whole book. It applies a holistic approach and a dialogic interpretation to the book of Lamentations. Examining first the extent to which an intrinsic connection exists between the acrostic structure and the content of the book, Rong reads Lamentations as a whole from the angle of the mini-acrostic in Lam 5:19-20. She explores whether and how this mini-acrostic underlines the main themes running through the book. Moreover, Rong explores the dialogic interaction among the voices within Lamentations and between Lamentations and other related communal laments in the Hebrew Bible on the subjects of mood change and the admission of guilt. Finally, this book examines the significance of Lamentations for contemporary suffering--individuals and communities.
Presents the reality of Asian successes and problems and challenges faced by immigrants in the USA. Case studies and episodes are presented and the book shows data that calibrates the differential success of various Asian populations and the need to assist those who are less successful.
This book introduces the applications of laser in surface modification, such as laser cladding of Stellite alloys and metal-ceramic composites. Besides, nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes and Al2O3 nanoparticles are brought into the laser processing, to form high-temperature resistance, chemical stability, and wear- and oxidation-resistant composite coatings. The readers will get more knowledge about the basic principle and application of laser cladding and laser surface hardening technologies, and gain a deep insight into the process and characteristics of the nanomaterial-assisted laser surface enhancement. It provides references for the researchers, engineers, and students in the fields of mechanical engineering, laser processing, and material engineering.
This textbook illustrates one-component phase diagrams, binary equilibrium phase diagrams and ternary phase diagrams for ceramics, polymers and alloys by presenting case studies on preparation processes, and provides up-to-date information on nano-crystal materials, non-crystal materials and functional materials. As second volume in the set, it is an extension of the first volume on physical aspect of materials.
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