Karl Popper è il filosofo che ha “congelato” la scienza, mettendo in evidenza l’impossibilità logica di dedurre asserzioni universali (o meglio: leggi scientifiche) dall’analisi di casi particolari, attraverso le osservazioni empiriche. In altri termini, non è possibile stabilire con certezza la verità delle teorie scientifiche, che restano solo ipotesi fallibili, anche se sottoposte a un numero elevato di verifiche. Popper ha trasferito le sue teorie della conoscenza anche sul terreno storico-politico, con una critica forte al totalitarismo, le cui radici sono state da lui individuate in Platone, Hegel e Marx. Al contrario, ha proposto una «società aperta», nella quale ogni possibile accordo politico sarebbe dovuto essere sottoposto al vaglio della critica.
Con la sua legge di gravitazione, Isaac Newton riuscì a fondere le scoperte di Copernico, di Keplero, di Galileo, dimostrando per la prima volta con rigore matematico che le leggi a cui era soggetto il moto delle cose terrestri erano le stesse a cui era soggetto il moto delle cose celesti, superando il dogma della differenza ontologica fra questi due mondi. Grandissimo scienziato, ma anche teologo (e alchimista), dedicò tutta la sua vita a cercare una sintesi tra il Libro della Natura e il Libro delle Scritture, perché per lui la scienza era uno strumento per arrivare a scoprire l’essenza di Dio in tutte le cose. Per questo non fu perseguitato come Galileo, ma onorato dalla Chiesa.
The importance of oil for national military-industrial complexes appeared more clearly than ever in the Cold War. This volume argues that the confidential acquisition of geoscientific knowledge was paramount for states, not only to provide for their own energy needs, but also to buttress national economic and geostrategic interests and protect energy security. By investigating the postwar rebuilding and expansion of French and Italian oil industries from the second half of the 1940s to the early 1960s, this book shows how successive administrations in those countries devised strategies of oil exploration and transport, aiming at achieving a higher degree of energy autonomy and setting up powerful oil agencies that could implement those strategies. However, both within and outside their national territories, these two European countries had to confront the new Cold War balances and the interests of the two superpowers.
Quantitative studies on structure-activity and structure-property relationships are powerful tools in directed drug research. In recent years, various strategies have been developed to characterize and classify structural patterns by means of molecular descriptors. It has become possible not only to assess diversities or similarities of structure databases, but molecular descriptors also facilitate the identification of potential bioactive molecules from the rapidly increasing number of compound libraries. They even allow for a controlled de-novo design of new lead structures. This is the most comprehensive collection of molecular descriptors and presents a detailed review from the origins of this research field up to present day. This practically oriented reference book gives a thorough overview of the different molecular descriptors representations and their corresponding molecular descriptors. All descriptors are listed with their definition, symbols and labels, formulas, some numerical examples, data and molecular graphs, while numerous figures and tables aid comprehension of the definitions. Cross-references throughout, a list of acronyms and notations allow easy access to the information needed to solve a specific research problem. Examples of descriptor calculations along with tables of descriptor values for a set of selected reference compounds and an up-to-date reference list add to the practical value of the book, making it an invaluable guide for all those dealing with bioactive molecules as well as for researchers.
The number-one reference on the topic now contains a wealth of new data: The entire relevant literature over the past six years has been painstakingly surveyed, resulting in hundreds of new descriptors being added to the list, and some 3,000 new references in the bibliography section. Volume 1 contains an alphabetical listing of more than 3300 descriptors and related terms for chemoinformatic analysis of chemical compound properties, while the second volume lists over 6,000 references selected from 450 journals. To make the data even more accessible, the introductory section has been completely re-written and now contains several "walk-through" reading lists of selected keywords for novice users.
In 1970s Italy, after the decline of the Spaghetti Western, crime films became the most popular, profitable and controversial genre. In a country plagued with violence, political tensions and armed struggle, these films managed to capture the anxiety and anger of the times in their tales of tough cops, ruthless criminals and urban paranoia. Recent years have seen renewed critical interest in the genre, thanks in part to such illustrious fans as Quentin Tarantino. This book examines all of the 220+ crime films produced in Italy between 1968 and 1980, the period when the genre first appeared and grew to its peak. Entries include a complete cast and crew list, home video releases, a plot summary and the author's own analysis. Excerpts from a variety of sources are included: academic texts, contemporary reviews, and interviews with filmmakers, scriptwriters and actors. There are many onset stills and film posters.
At last, the first systematic guide to the growing jungle of citation indices and other bibliometric indicators. Written with the aim of providing a complete and unbiased overview of all available statistical measures for scientific productivity, the core of this reference is an alphabetical dictionary of indices and other algorithms used to evaluate the importance and impact of researchers and their institutions. In 150 major articles, the authors describe all indices in strictly mathematical terms without passing judgement on their relative merit. From widely used measures, such as the journal impact factor or the h-index, to highly specialized indices, all indicators currently in use in the sciences and humanities are described, and their application explained. The introductory section and the appendix contain a wealth of valuable supporting information on data sources, tools and techniques for bibliometric and scientometric analysis - for individual researchers as well as their funders and publishers.
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