A collection of original research papers by a number of industrial organization economists active in the field of Research and Development theory and policy. It covers patent policy, the effects of market structure and the internal organization of the firm on R&D incentives and technical progress, and R&D cooperation and technological spillovers.
Abstract: Accelerating economic growth in Central America, Panama and the Dominican Republic (CAPDR) remains an elusive task. While the region performed relatively well in the post-global financial crisis period, over the last five years obstacles to growth have become more evident and new challenges have emerged. In response, the region has strengthened macro-financial frameworks but more progress will be required to pave the way to sustained growth and prosperity. This book considers the structural factors underlying the region’s growth outlook and assesses its macroeconomic and financial challenges to help shape the policy agenda going forward. The book first identifies the structural determinants of growth in the region related to: capital formation; employment; demographic factors, including immigration; productivity; and violence. It then highlights the importance of creating fiscal space through the design and implementation of fiscal rules and mechanisms to increase accountability (better quality of public spending, adequate policies to reduce income inequality and sustainable retirement plans). Finally, it presents recent evidence on the importance of a supportive financial sector for growth (including through financial inclusion and development).
Official translations are generally documents that serve as legally valid instruments. They include anything from certificates of birth, death or marriage through to academic transcripts or legal contracts. This field of translation is now as important as it is fraught with difficulties, for it is only in a few areas that the cultural differences are so acute and the consequences of failure so palpable. In a globalizing world, our official institutions increasingly depend on translations of official documents, but little has been done to elaborate the skills and dilemmas involved. Roberto Mayoral deals with the very practical problems of official translating. He points out the failings of traditional theories in this field and the need for revised concepts such as the virtual document, pragmatic constraints, and risk analysis. He details aspects of the social contexts, ethical norms, translation strategies, different formats, fees, legal formulas, and ways of solving the most frequent problems. Care is taken to address as wide a range of cultural contexts as possible and to stress the active role of the translator. This book is intended as a teaching text for the classroom, for self-learning, or for professionals who want to reflect on their practice. Activities and exercises are suggested for each chapter, and information is included on professional associations and societies across the globe.
Examine the role the Eta-1/Op gene may play in uncovering the cause of CFS! Current research indicates that chronic fatigue syndrome may have an infectious etiology and that genetic factors might determine a body's ability to overcome or fall victim to a chronic infection. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Genes, and Infection: The Eta-1/Op Paradigm focuses on the Early T lymphocyte activation-1/osteopontin gene (Eta-1/Op), a cytokine that offers natural resistance to bacteria, and viruses that may play a role in the suspected link between microbial infections and CFS. Written by one of the leading experts in the field, the book details the historical, clinical, and scientific aspects of Eta-1/Op and its relationship to infectious agents such as Rickettsia. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Genes, and Infection: The Eta-1/Op Paradigm centers on research triggered by the high percentage of CFS patients who associate the onset of the disorder with an apparently infectious illness. This unique book addresses the role of Eta-1/Op as part of a genetic program of cellular immunity that may help in the etiopathogenesis and treatment of CFS. It also presents information on the structure and regulation of the Eta-1/Op gene and protein, and the biological activities of Eta-1/Op in nonimmunological bodily systems and pathologies. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Genes, and Infection: The Eta-1/Op Paradigm includes vital information on the Eta-1/Op gene's relationship to: flaviviruses and herpesviruses mycobacterial infections and HIV infection autoimmune disease cell-cell communication cellular motility the regulation of phosphate and calcium metabolism and much more! Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Genes, and Infection: The Eta-1/Op Paradigm is an important addition to the continuing effort to unravel the pathogenesis of this crippling disorder. The book is an essential resource for healthcare professionals working with CFS patients and for the biomedical community as a whole.
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