Among the elements of forest biodiversity, vegetation, including epiphytes, is the foundation of ecosystem functioning and primary production. Basic features for harmonized large-scale and intensive monitoring of vascular plants, cryptogams, and epiphytic lichens are presented. For the assessment of ground vegetation on the European scale, a minimum, single-scale approach (with a common sampling area of 400-m2) is suggested to produce sets of presence–absence and relative cover data. This common frame can accommodate national designs. For epiphytic lichens, sampling follows a standard procedure for tree selection after stratification by bark type. On each tree, four vertical grids of five 10×10cm contiguous quadrates are used to record the species occurrence. Monitoring parameters and timing of surveys, transformation of different abundance scales, and the need for continuously updated nomenclature are also discussed. Examples of transnational results (e.g., functional groups for both lichen and vascular plants and nitrogen deposition) are presented which demonstrate the importance and value of harmonized monitoring data.
Vegetation-related response variables adopted in the ICP Forests are related to health, growth, phenology, and diversity. Their assessment and measurement is subject to errors, which need to be controlled and documented. To do this, data quality requirements (DQRs) and intercomparison exercises were implemented. During 2009 and 2010, 111–260 field crews took part in different exercises organized across Europe. Results revealed that, while for some variables (e.g., tree diameter, standing basal area, ozone injury, species diversity) DQRs were substantially achieved, problems still exist for other measurements/calculations (tree height, volume and increment, crown base height, crown symptoms identification and description). In some cases, achievement of DRQs was partly due to relaxed DQRs. While the recent progresses in Quality Assurance/Quality Control for field surveys are promising, further effort is necessary to sharpen DQRs, refine standard operating procedures, and reinforce training.
Elio Petri (1929-1982) was one of the most commercially successful and critically revered Italian directors ever. A cultured intellectual and a politically committed filmmaker, Petri made award-winning movies that touched controversial social, religious, and political themes, such as the Mafia in We Still Kill the Old Way (1967), police brutality in Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970), and workers' struggles in Lulu the Tool (1971). His work also explored genre in a thought-provoking and refreshing manner with a taste for irony and the grotesque: among his best works are the science fiction satire The 10th Victim (1965), the ghost story A Quiet Place in the Country (1968), and the grotesque giallo Todo modo (1976). This book examines Elio Petri's life and career, and places his work within the social and political context of postwar Italian culture, politics, and cinema. It includes a detailed production history and critical analysis of each of his films, plenty of never-before-seen bits of information recovered from the Italian ministerial archives, and an in-depth discussion of the director's unfilmed projects.
Vegetation-related response variables adopted in the ICP Forests are related to health, growth, phenology, and diversity. Their assessment and measurement is subject to errors, which need to be controlled and documented. To do this, data quality requirements (DQRs) and intercomparison exercises were implemented. During 2009 and 2010, 111–260 field crews took part in different exercises organized across Europe. Results revealed that, while for some variables (e.g., tree diameter, standing basal area, ozone injury, species diversity) DQRs were substantially achieved, problems still exist for other measurements/calculations (tree height, volume and increment, crown base height, crown symptoms identification and description). In some cases, achievement of DRQs was partly due to relaxed DQRs. While the recent progresses in Quality Assurance/Quality Control for field surveys are promising, further effort is necessary to sharpen DQRs, refine standard operating procedures, and reinforce training.
Among the elements of forest biodiversity, vegetation, including epiphytes, is the foundation of ecosystem functioning and primary production. Basic features for harmonized large-scale and intensive monitoring of vascular plants, cryptogams, and epiphytic lichens are presented. For the assessment of ground vegetation on the European scale, a minimum, single-scale approach (with a common sampling area of 400-m2) is suggested to produce sets of presence–absence and relative cover data. This common frame can accommodate national designs. For epiphytic lichens, sampling follows a standard procedure for tree selection after stratification by bark type. On each tree, four vertical grids of five 10×10cm contiguous quadrates are used to record the species occurrence. Monitoring parameters and timing of surveys, transformation of different abundance scales, and the need for continuously updated nomenclature are also discussed. Examples of transnational results (e.g., functional groups for both lichen and vascular plants and nitrogen deposition) are presented which demonstrate the importance and value of harmonized monitoring data.
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