Robert Z. Lawrence's Books

Behind the Curve: Can Manufacturing Still Provide Inclusive Growth?

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

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Behind the Curve: Can Manufacturing Still Provide Inclusive Growth?

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

Manufacturing jobs, once the backbone of the modern US economy, have declined as a share of GDP over recent decades, darkening opportunities for middle-class advancement. Similar trends have impacted export superpowers like China, Germany, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea. Driven by nostalgia for a bygone era, however, many countries have turned to reshoring and “industrial policies” to revive manufacturing employment. In Behind the Curve: Can Manufacturing Still Provide Inclusive Growth?, Robert Z. Lawrence argues that these efforts are unlikely to succeed. He demonstrates that deeply rooted forces common to all countries—technological change, shifting consumer spending patterns, and trade—account for lagging manufacturing employment and that these trends are unlikely to be reversed. The industrial sector’s historic role as an engine of opportunity and inclusive growth is unsustainable. Government efforts to promote manufacturing to achieve goals such as industrial self-sufficiency, green transitions, and digital technologies, however well intentioned, may even make economic growth less inclusive. Instead, new policies are needed to help people, places, and countries cope with inevitable changes in the composition of employment.

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362

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Peterson Institute for International Economics

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881327484

ISBN 13

9780881327489

Rising Tide

Is Growth in Emerging Economies Good for the United States?

By: Lawrence Edwards,Robert Z. Lawrence

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Rising Tide

Is Growth in Emerging Economies Good for the United States?

By: Lawrence Edwards,Robert Z. Lawrence

In 1963, John F. Kennedy said that "a rising tide lifts all the boats. And a partnership, by definition, serves both parties, without domination or unfair advantage." US international economic policy since World War II has been based on the premise that foreign economic growth is in America's economic, as well as political and security, self-interest. The bursting of the speculative dot.com bubble, slowing US growth, and the global financial crisis and its aftermath, however, have led to radical changes in Americans' perceptions of the benefits of global trade. Many Americans believe that trade with emerging-market economies is the most important reason for US job loss, especially in manufacturing, and is detrimental to American welfare and an important source of wage inequality. Several prominent economists have reinforced these public concerns. In this study, Lawrence Edwards and Robert Z. Lawrence confront these fears through an extensive survey of the empirical literature and in depth analyses of the evidence. Their conclusions contradict several popular theories about the negative impact of US trade with developing countries. They find considerable evidence that while adjusting to foreign economic growth does present America with challenges, growth in emerging-market economies is in America's economic interest. It is hard, of course, for Americans to become used to a world in which the preponderance of economic activity is located in Asia. But one of America's great strengths is its adaptability. And if it does adapt, the American economy can be buoyed by that rising tide.

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299

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Peterson Institute

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881325007

ISBN 13

9780881325003

Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

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Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

Over the past decade, international economic liberalization has been pursued through both multilateral and regional arrangements. In the Uruguay Round, more than one hundred governments pledged their commitment to greater open trade in goods and services, and established new rules under the enforcement of the World Trade Organization. At the same time, however, many regional arrangements have been negotiated--including the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Nonetheless, controversy still rages about these arrangements. Are regional arrangements stumbling blocks or, in fact building blocks for a more integrated and successful international economy? In this book, Robert A. Lawrence addresses this question and explains both sides of the debate. A volume of Brookings' Integrating National Economies Series

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202

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Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815722990

ISBN 13

9780815722991

Single World, Divided Nations?

International Trade and the OECD Labor Markets

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

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Single World, Divided Nations?

International Trade and the OECD Labor Markets

By: Robert Z. Lawrence

The world economy has undergone miraculous changes in the last decade, particularly in developing and former communist countries. Privatization and trade liberalization have replaced the protectionist and statist policies that were deeply entrenched in these areas just ten years ago. Today, these dynamic emerging markets offer attractive opportunities. According to Robert Lawrence, liberal international trade and investment should provide significant opportunities for gains in developing and developed nations alike. But will the developed countries be allowed to keep their markets open and absorb exports from developing countries? Many in the U.S. and Europe blame international trade for unemployment and wage inequality. But what is the real relationship? Lawrence contends that while trade has played some role in reducing the wages of poorly educated workers in the U.S. and in raising the unemployment of unskilled workers in Europe, its impact has been small compared with other causes of these changes. Lawrence examines the role of trade in developed and developing countries and its impact on labor markets and wage inequality, and discusses what he considers the more important effects of technological and organizational change. He begins by focusing on U.S. wage behavior, then moves to wage behavior in the OECD countries. Lawrence concludes that the impact of globalization on OECD labor markets has been far less damaging than many have argued and, indeed, that international trade enhances national welfare. He presents considerable evidence that the sources of poor labor market performance are essentially domestic—they reflect ongoing technological and organizational shocks that would be present even if the economy was closed. This evidence suggests that international differences in wage rates and labor standards are not major factors in OECD labor market behavior. He explains that the major challenges to policy are educating the public on t

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159

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Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815720106

ISBN 13

9780815720102

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Resolving disputes

By: Charan Devereaux,Robert Z. Lawrence,Michael Watkins

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Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Resolving disputes

By: Charan Devereaux,Robert Z. Lawrence,Michael Watkins

Between 1992 and 2000, US exports rose by 55 percent. By the year 2000, trade summed to 26 percent of US GDP, and the United States imported almost two-thirds of its oil and was the world's largest host country for foreign investors. America's interest in a more open and prosperous foreign market is now squarely economic. These case studies in multilateral trade policymaking and dispute settlement explore the changing substance of trade agreements and also delve into the negotiation process--the who, how, and why of decision making. These books present a coherent description of the facts that will allow for discussion and independent conclusions about policies, politics, and processes. Volume 2 presents five cases on trade negotiations that have had important effects on trade policy rulemaking, as well as an analytic framework for evaluating these negotiations.

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443

Publisher

Peterson Institute

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881323632

ISBN 13

9780881323634

Can America Compete?

By: Robert Lawrence

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Can America Compete?

By: Robert Lawrence

An examination of the performance of U.S. manufacturing in historical and global perspective indicates that, contrary to recent fears, international trade competition has not induced the deindustrialization of America. During the 1970s the U.S. manufacturing sector fared relatively well compared to its counterparts in other industrual countries and its own post-war track record. Most of its problems in the early 1980s are linked to domestic recession and the strong U.S. dollar. A number of implicit assumptions in the current discussion about U.S. industrial performance are shown in this book to be inappropriate—changes in international trade are not the major reason for the declining share of manufacturing in U.S. employment: even though foreign productive capabilities are catching up with those of the United States, the U.S. comparative advantage in high-technology products has increased. The author looks at these and other issues and seeks to clarify some common misperceptions about U.S. manufacturing. He examines long-term trends and changes since 1973 in U.S. manufacturing—employment, capital formation, research and development expenditures, and output. He looks closely at manufacturing trade flows and their major determinants and at the role of trade in the U.S. manufacturing sector. The last part of the book addresses policy options for the United States, including laissez-faire, matching foreign subsidies, and new industrial policies. Changes in U.S. policies are suggested that might facilitate efficient structural trade adjustment, improve trade policy, and compensate for market failures.

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180

Publisher

Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815707991

ISBN 13

9780815707998

A Prism on Globalization

Corporate Responses to the Dollar

By: Subramanian Rangan,Robert Z. Lawrence

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A Prism on Globalization

Corporate Responses to the Dollar

By: Subramanian Rangan,Robert Z. Lawrence

The unprecedented shifts in the U.S. dollar's exhange rate that started during the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s provide an ideal opportunity to explore how the global economy works and the role that multinational enterprises (MNEs) play in the phenomenon of globalization. In this book, Subramanian Rangan and Robert Z. Lawrence examine the international pricing, sourcing, and trade responses of MNEs to shifts in the dollar. Based upon the micro patterns they observe in MNE behavior, the authors suggest explanations for some puzzling macro patterns evident in our international economy. They conclude that the global integration of markets remains incomplete due to informational and other important discontinuities, and they refute stereotypes which portray multinational firms as either footloose or inflexible. Policy implications for exchange rates, trade, and foreign direct investment are also discussed.

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209

Publisher

Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815705220

ISBN 13

9780815705222

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation Volume 1

Making the Rules

By: Charan Devereaux,Robert Z Lawrence,Michael D Watkins

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Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation Volume 1

Making the Rules

By: Charan Devereaux,Robert Z Lawrence,Michael D Watkins

Trade policy has moved from the wings onto center stage. Between 1992 and 2000, US exports rose by 55 percent. By the year 2000, trade summed to 26 percent of US GDP, and the United States imported almost two-thirds of its oil and was the world's largest host country for foreign investors. America's interest in a more open and prosperous foreign market is now squarely economic. This volume presents cases on five important trade negotiations, all focused on "making the rules," or the process of establishing how the trade system would operate. The cases not only explore the changing substance of trade agreements but also delve into the negotiation process. They explore not just the what of trade, but the who, how, and why of decision-making. By examining some of the most important recent negotiations, the reader can come to understand not just the larger issues surrounding trade, but how players seek to exert influence and how the system is evolving on a day-to-day basis. This book presents a coherent description of the facts that will allow for discussion and independent conclusions about policies, politics, and processes.

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Page Count

411

Publisher

Columbia University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881324701

ISBN 13

9780881324709

China's Economic Transformation

Lessons, Impact, and the Path Forward

By: Jeffrey J. Schott,Sean Miner,Jacob Funk Kirkegaard,Tomas Hellebrandt,Paolo Mauro ,Robert Z. Lawrence,Silvia Merler,Nicolas Veron

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China's Economic Transformation

Lessons, Impact, and the Path Forward

By: Jeffrey J. Schott,Sean Miner,Jacob Funk Kirkegaard,Tomas Hellebrandt,Paolo Mauro ,Robert Z. Lawrence,Silvia Merler,Nicolas Veron

China's efforts to transition from an economy driven by investment and exports to one based on private consumption and services are roiling global markets. Its problems are compounded by an economic slowdown, rising debt levels, languishing real estate market, and lagging productivity growth. In these essays, scholars from the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) recommend a number of reforms for Chinese leaders to consider, including steps to further open up its capital account and develop its financial markets. This collection of papers is part of a series of interactions and discussions between PIIE and the China Finance 40 (CF40) Forum, which began in 2012. The papers are intended to illuminate the challenges facing China as it engages increasingly with the global economy and builds on its phenomenal economic success of the past three decades.

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117

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Peterson Institute for International Economics

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881327093

ISBN 13

9780881327090

A Vision for the World Economy

Openness, Diversity, and Cohesion

By: Robert Z. Lawrence,Albert Bressand,Takatoshi Ito

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A Vision for the World Economy

Openness, Diversity, and Cohesion

By: Robert Z. Lawrence,Albert Bressand,Takatoshi Ito

In this capstone volume in the INE series, the authors review the growing pressure for deeper international integration, explore the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches to dealing with these pressures, and present concrete proposals to help achieve a global community that will balance openness, diversity, and cohesion. A volume of Brookings' Integrating National Economies Series

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148

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Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815791542

ISBN 13

9780815791546

Crimes And Punishments?

Retaliation Under the WTO

By: Robert Z Lawrence

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Crimes And Punishments?

Retaliation Under the WTO

By: Robert Z Lawrence

One of the unique aspects of the WTO as an international organization is that it authorizes members to retaliate against violations by raising tariffs. These authorizations have become increasingly common and increasingly controversial. In this analysis of the retaliation system, Robert Lawrence considers the guiding principles that govern responses to WTO violations, examines how these principles are implemented in practice, and considers options for reform.

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122

Publisher

Columbia University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881324566

ISBN 13

9780881324563

Globaphobia

Confronting Fears about Open Trade

By: Gary Burtless,Robert Z. Lawrence,Robert E. Litan

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Globaphobia

Confronting Fears about Open Trade

By: Gary Burtless,Robert Z. Lawrence,Robert E. Litan

A Brookings Institution Press, Progressive Policy Institute, and Twentieth Century Fund publication For much of the post-World War II period, the increasing globalization of the U.S. economy was welcomed by policymakers and by the American people. We gained the benefits of cheaper and, in some cases, better foreign-made products, while U.S. firms gained wider access to foreign markets. The increasing economic interlinkages with the rest of the world helped promote capitalism and democracy around the globe. Indeed, we helped "win" the Cold War by trading and investing with the rest of the world, in the process demonstrating to all concerned the virtues of trade and markets. In recent years, however, a growing chorus of complaints has been lodged against globalization--which is blamed for costing American workers their jobs and lowering their wages. The authors of this book speak directly and simply to these concerns, demonstrating with easy prose and illustrations why the "globaphobes" are wrong. Globalization has not cost the United States jobs. Nor has it played any more than a small part in the disappointing trends in wages of many American workers. The challenge for all Americans is to embrace globalization and all of the benefits it brings, while adopting targeted policies to ease the very real pain of those few Americans whom globalization may harm. Globaphobia outlines a novel, yet sensible program for advancing this objective. Copublished with the Twentieth Century Fund and the Progressive Policy Institute

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188

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Brookings Institution Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0815798024

ISBN 13

9780815798026

Has Globalization Gone Far Enough?

The Costs of Fragmented Markets

By: Scott Bradford,Robert Z Lawrence

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Has Globalization Gone Far Enough?

The Costs of Fragmented Markets

By: Scott Bradford,Robert Z Lawrence

Scott C. Bradford and Robert Z. Lawrence use the underlying data from purchasing power parity surveys to estimate the potential benefits from fully integrating goods markets among major OECD countries. These data are particularly useful because they are comprehensive, and every effort has been made to ensure that they are comparable. Input-output tables are used to eliminate distribution margins from final goods prices and thereby provide estimates of ex-factory prices. Price differentials have been taken as measures of barriers, and the welfare effects of eliminating these barriers have been estimated in a general equilibrium model. The study also provides insights into the relative openness of individual OECD countries to the world economy and the degree to which Europe has become a single market.

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102

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Columbia University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0881324531

ISBN 13

9780881324532

Beyond the Twin Deficits: A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

By: Robert A. Blecker

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Beyond the Twin Deficits: A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

By: Robert A. Blecker

This study documents evidence of a decline trend in the international competitiveness of US industry. The analysis identifies three groups of countries that account for most of the US trade deficit in the 1980s: the surplus countries, Germany and Japan; the East Asian NICs; and the Latin American debtors. In each case the author points to underlying structural problems contributing to the deficit. They call for quite different US policy responses, including microeconomic and industrial policies, incentives to revive productivity, growth and technological innovation, import surcharges, wage increases in the NICs, currency realignments, US capital exports, and debt relief. A pragmatic policy approach, with efforts to open foreign markets, aims to achieve the greatest possible reduction in the trade deficit with the lowest possible cost from macroeconomic adjustments. The author urges the reversal of two adverse trends in his policy strategy: the decline in public sector investment and the decreasing progressivity of the tax code.

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Page Count

163

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1315288311

ISBN 13

9781315288314

Modern Labor Economics

Theory and Public Policy (International Student Edition)

By: Ronald G. Ehrenberg,Robert S. Smith

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Modern Labor Economics

Theory and Public Policy (International Student Edition)

By: Ronald G. Ehrenberg,Robert S. Smith

For one-semester courses in labor economics at the undergraduate and graduate levels, this book provides an overview of labor market behavior that emphasizes how theory drives public policy. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, Twelfth Edition gives students a thorough overview of the modern theory of labor market behavior, and reveals how this theory is used to analyze public policy. Designed for students who may not have extensive backgrounds in economics, the text balances theoretical coverage with examples of practical applications that allow students to see concepts in action. Experienced educators for nearly four decades, co-authors Ronald Ehrenberg and Robert Smith believe that showing students the social implications of the concepts discussed in the course will enhance their motivation to learn. As such, the text presents numerous examples of policy decisions that have been affected by the ever-shifting labor market. This text provides a better teaching and learning experience for you and your students. It will help you to: Demonstrate concepts through relevant, contemporary examples: Concepts are brought to life through analysis of hot-button issues such as immigration and return on investment in education. Address the Great Recession of 2008: Coverage of the current economic climate helps students place course material in a relevant context. Help students understand scientific methodology: The text introduces basic methodological techniques and problems, which are essential to understanding the field. Provide tools for review and further study: A series of helpful in-text features highlights important concepts and helps students review what they have learned.

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Page Count

956

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1315510634

ISBN 13

9781315510637

Book's by Robert Z. Lawrence

Behind the Curve: Can Manufacturing Still Provide Inclusive Growth?

Behind the Curve: Can Manufacturing Still Provide Inclusive Growth?

Rising Tide

Rising Tide

Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration

Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration

Single World, Divided Nations?

Single World, Divided Nations?

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Resolving disputes

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Resolving disputes

Can America Compete?

Can America Compete?

A Prism on Globalization

A Prism on Globalization

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation Volume 1

Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation Volume 1

China's Economic Transformation

China's Economic Transformation

A Vision for the World Economy

A Vision for the World Economy

Crimes And Punishments?

Crimes And Punishments?

Globaphobia

Globaphobia

Has Globalization Gone Far Enough?

Has Globalization Gone Far Enough?

Beyond the Twin Deficits: A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

Beyond the Twin Deficits: A Trade Strategy for the 1990's

Modern Labor Economics

Modern Labor Economics

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