The perfect primer for anyone responsible for operating or maintaining process gas compressors. Gas compressors tend to be the largest, most costly, and most critical machines employed in chemical and gas transfer processes. Since they tend to have the greatest effect on the reliability of processes they power, compressors typically receive the most scrutiny of all the machinery among the general population of processing equipment. To prevent unwanted compressor failures from occurring, operators must be taught how their equipment should operate and how each installation is different from one another. The ultimate purpose of this book is to teach those who work in process settings more about gas compressors, so they can start up and operate them correctly and monitor their condition with more confidence. Some may regard compressor technology as too broad and complex a topic for operating personnel to fully understand, but the author has distilled this vast body of knowledge into some key, easy to understand lessons for the reader to study at his or her own pace. This groundbreaking new work is a must-have for any engineer, operator, or manager working with process compressors. The main goals of this book are to: Explain important theories and concepts about gases and compression processes with a minimum of mathematics Identify key compressor components and explain how they affect reliability Explain how centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors, and screw compressors function. Explain key operating factors that affect reliabilityIntroduce the reader to basic troubleshooting methodologies Introduce operators to proven field inspection techniques Improve the confidence of personnel operating compressors by teaching them the basics of compressor theory Improve compressor reliability plantwide by teaching operating and inspection best practices Improve communication between operating and supporting plant personnel by providing a common vocabulary of compressor terms Help processing plants avoid costly failures by teaching operators how to identify early compressor issues during field inspections
Many readers have found Operator's Guide to Centrifugal Pumps (Xlibris, 2008) to be a valuable training resource for process operators. Volume 2 provides additional training material in the form of student challenge exams and additional exposure to reliability topics. Volume 2 has two goals: The first goal is to continue to build on the general theme of pump reliability in process facilitates. The second goal is to provide student challenge exams for those wanting to master the material in Operator's Guide to Centrifugal Pumps. The first chapter covers how process operators can be better utilized to improve pump reliability. The importance of operating training and commissioning will be covered in the next two chapters. In the final chapter, a methodology for addressing troublesome centrifugal pumps is presented. A majority of the book is comprised of three (3) different student challenge exams are included in Volume 2. Answers to all the exam questions are provided along with where the answers can be found in the Operator's Guide. There are a total of 150 challenge questions with their answers.
Pump Wisdom Explore key facets of centrifugal pump ownership, installation, operation, and troubleshooting The Second Edition of Pump Wisdom: Essential Centrifugal Pump Knowledge for Operators and Specialists delivers a concise explanation of how pumps function, the design specifications that must be considered before purchasing a pump, and current best practices in lubrication and mechanical seals. Readers will encounter new startup and surveillance tips for pump operators, as well as repair versus replacement or upgrade considerations for maintenance decision makers, new condition monitoring guidance for centrifugal pumps, and expanded coverage of operator best practices. This latest edition of Pump Wisdom: Essential Centrifugal Pump Knowledge for Operators and Specialists includes expanded coverage of areas critical to achieving best-in-class pump reliability, including commonly encountered issues and easy-to-follow instructions for getting centrifugal pumps to operate safely and reliably. This book also provides: Comprehensible and accessible explanations of pump hydraulics Simple explorations of the mechanical aspects of pumps with coverage of bearings, seals, impeller trimming, lubricant application, and more Safety tips and instructions for centrifugal pumps Perfect for chemical, petroleum, and mechanical engineers, Pump Wisdom: Essential Centrifugal Pump Knowledge for Operators and Specialists is also an ideal resource for operators, managers, purchasing agents, machinists, reliability technicians, and maintenance workers in water and wastewater plants.
Choosing a centrifugal pump from the countless options available can be daunting, but someone has to make the decision. Many factors -such as the required flow, differential pressure, suction conditions, etc.- must be weighed against the capital costs and cost of energy for the pumps considered. To determine the right pump, you must consider the overall cost of ownership, which includes capital cost, operating costs, and maintenance cost. What good is a low cost pump if it is inefficient or if is costly to maintain? The selection methodology offered in this book focuses mainly on hydraulic design considerations, but it also touches on mechanical design details. Analyzing basic pump hydraulic parameters allows you to quickly determine if a centrifugal pump makes sense for your particular application. If you do decide a centrifugal pump will work for your application, then you need to be able to evaluate the various bids returned by pump manufacturers. A complete chapter is devoted to tabulating quotes from pump manufacturers in order to properly evaluate their bids and select the best overall option.
When installed and operated properly, general purpose steam turbines are reliable and tend to be forgotten, i.e., out of sound and out of mind. But, they can be sleeping giants that can result in major headaches if ignored. Three real steam turbine undesirable consequences that immediately come to mind are: Injury and secondary damage due to an overspeed failure. An overspeed failure on a big steam or gas turbine is one of the most frightening of industrial accidents. The high cost of an extensive overhaul due to an undetected component failure. A major steam turbine repair can cost ten or more times that of a garden variety centrifugal pump repair. Costly production loses due an extended outage if the driven pump or compressor train is unspared. The value of lost production can quickly exceed repair costs. A major goal of this book is to provide readers with detailed operating procedure aimed at reducing these risks to minimal levels. Start-ups are complicated by the fact that operators must deal with numerous start-up scenarios, such as: Commissioning a newly installed steam turbine Starting ups after a major steam turbine repair Starting up a proven steam turbine after an outage Overspeed trip testing It is not enough to simply have a set of procedures in the control room for reference. To be effective, operating procedures must be clearly written down, taught, and practiced—until they become habit.
We work in an industry where economic success is heavily dependent on the collective performance of our processing equipment and their operators. Without highly trained and confident operators we can never hope to realize the full potential of our complex processes. Formal and informal training must be provided regularly if continuous process and reliability gains are to be expected. There are no shortcuts to operational excellence. One training topic essential to every operators education is that of centrifugal pumping technology. The ever-present centrifugal pump is one of the workhorses of the process world, tirelessly moving fluids, ranging from the innocuous to the toxic and flammable, from one stage of the process to the next. We would be hard pressed to find a processing unit inside our complexes without a few of these in service. Their shear numbers and variety can make their mastery a challenge. This book was specifically written for process operators who regularly deal with centrifugal pumps, addressing principally those variables and factors under their control, while limiting design theory and mathematics to a minimum. The following topics and content are covered: 1. Importance of equipment reliability and what role operators play in this mission. 2. Centrifugal pump operating characteristics 3. Mechanical seals and their related seal flush plans 4. What operators should know about electric motors 5. Lubrication basics 6. Troubleshooting basics 7. How to start a pump reliability program By the end of the book, the reader should possess a clear understanding of how to operate and monitor their pumps. Three handy references are also contained in the book to answer questions as they arise in the field: 1) Operators Guide to API Flush Plans, 2) Illustrated Glossary of Centrifugal Pump Terms, 3) Glossary of Electric Motor Terms, and 4) Useful Centrifugal Pump Formulas. This book can be used as a self-paced, self-taught short course or as a companion to a live prepared short course for both inexperienced and seasoned operators. It can also serve as a handy field guide after completion of the course. The ultimate mission of this book is to provide the latest generation of operators a body of knowledge that is relevant, complete, and practical in an industrial setting for years to come.
Process machines are critical to the profitability of processes. Safe, efficient and reliable machines are required to maintain dependable manufacturing processes that can create saleable, on-spec product on time, and at the desired production rate. As the wards of process machinery, we wish to keep our equipment in serviceable condition. One of the most challenging aspects of a machinery professional or operator’s job is deciding whether an operating machine should be shut down due to a perceived problem or be allowed to keep operating. If he or she wrongly recommends a repair be conducted, the remaining useful machine life is wasted, but if he or she is right, they can save the organization from severe consequences, such as product releases, fires, costly secondary machine damage, etc. This economic balancing act is at the heart of all machinery assessments. Troubleshooting is part science and part art. Simple troubleshooting tables or decision trees are rarely effective in solving complex, real-world machine problems. For this reason, the authors want to offer a novel way to attack machinery issues that can adversely affect the reliability and efficiency of your plant processes. The methodology presented in this book is not a rigid “cook book” approach but rather a flexible and dynamic process aimed at exploring process plant machines holistically, in order uncover the true nature the problem at hand.
This book provides a foundation for modern applied ecology. Much of current ecology research and conservation addresses problems across landscapes and regions, focusing on spatial patterns and processes. This book is aimed at teaching fundamental concepts and focuses on learning-by-doing through the use of examples with the software R. It is intended to provide an entry-level, easily accessible foundation for students and practitioners interested in spatial ecology and conservation.
Every operator who is responsible for monitoring critical rotating equipment will greatly benefit from this handy reference book. The goal of this book is to present proven techniques that will enable rookie and veteran operators alike to detect problems early and, we hope, eliminate major outages and/or maintenance costs. To achieve this goal we shall explain the basics of lubrication systems, bearings, drivers, seals and sealing systems, for centrifugal and positive displacement pumps as well as turbines, centrifugal compressors and reciprocating compressors. We will then present common sense inspection methods for centrifugal and positive displacement pumps, gear boxes, motors, heat exchangers, and turbines.
Many readers have found Operator's Guide to Centrifugal Pumps (Xlibris, 2008) to be a valuable training resource for process operators. Volume 2 provides additional training material in the form of student challenge exams and additional exposure to reliability topics. Volume 2 has two goals: The first goal is to continue to build on the general theme of pump reliability in process facilitates. The second goal is to provide student challenge exams for those wanting to master the material in Operator's Guide to Centrifugal Pumps. The first chapter covers how process operators can be better utilized to improve pump reliability. The importance of operating training and commissioning will be covered in the next two chapters. In the final chapter, a methodology for addressing troublesome centrifugal pumps is presented. A majority of the book is comprised of three (3) different student challenge exams are included in Volume 2. Answers to all the exam questions are provided along with where the answers can be found in the Operator's Guide. There are a total of 150 challenge questions with their answers.
The perfect primer for anyone responsible for operating or maintaining process gas compressors. Gas compressors tend to be the largest, most costly, and most critical machines employed in chemical and gas transfer processes. Since they tend to have the greatest effect on the reliability of processes they power, compressors typically receive the most scrutiny of all the machinery among the general population of processing equipment. To prevent unwanted compressor failures from occurring, operators must be taught how their equipment should operate and how each installation is different from one another. The ultimate purpose of this book is to teach those who work in process settings more about gas compressors, so they can start up and operate them correctly and monitor their condition with more confidence. Some may regard compressor technology as too broad and complex a topic for operating personnel to fully understand, but the author has distilled this vast body of knowledge into some key, easy to understand lessons for the reader to study at his or her own pace. This groundbreaking new work is a must-have for any engineer, operator, or manager working with process compressors. The main goals of this book are to: Explain important theories and concepts about gases and compression processes with a minimum of mathematics Identify key compressor components and explain how they affect reliability Explain how centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors, and screw compressors function. Explain key operating factors that affect reliabilityIntroduce the reader to basic troubleshooting methodologies Introduce operators to proven field inspection techniques Improve the confidence of personnel operating compressors by teaching them the basics of compressor theory Improve compressor reliability plantwide by teaching operating and inspection best practices Improve communication between operating and supporting plant personnel by providing a common vocabulary of compressor terms Help processing plants avoid costly failures by teaching operators how to identify early compressor issues during field inspections
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