A Book for Safety Razor Collectors -- This book is a black and white version of a color digital edition, first published in 2005 as a limited edition CD-ROM. There are over 1300 entries including pictures of safety razors, advertisements, and patents. Alphabetical entries are organized by razor trademark or trade name. Separate sections cover the major manufacturers: AutoStrop, Durham-Duplex, Gillette, Kampfe Bros., Rolls, Schick, razors of the USSR, Wilkinson, plus the American Safety Razor brands, Ever-Ready, Gem and Star, followed by a sampling safety razor related collectibles. A U.S. Patent List includes an illustration from each of the safety razor related patents issued prior to 1905. Lastly is a Bibliography of sources.
Through the fall of Anastasio Somoza, the rise of the Sandinistas, and the contra war, the United States and Nicaragua seemed destined to repeat the mistakes made by the U.S. and Cuba forty years before. The 1990 election in Nicaragua broke the pattern. Robert Pastor was a major US policymaker in the critical period leading up to and following the Sandinista Revolution of 1979. A decade later after writing the first edition of this book, he organized the International Mission led by Jimmy Carter that mediated the first free election in Nicaragua's history. From his unique vantage point, and utilizing a wealth of original material from classified government documents and from personal interviews with U.S. and Nicaraguan leaders, Pastor shows how Nicaragua and the United States were prisoners of a tragic history and how they finally escaped. This revised and updated edition covers the events of the democratic transition, and it extracts the lessons to be learned from the past.
Is the dollar bill still legal tender? Who were the ?Symphony Six”? What is the ?monkey-in-a-hat stamp”? These are some of the questions answered within.
Relations between Congress and the executive branch have always been an uneasy mixture of mutuality and autonomy, cooperation and conflict. The U.S. Constitution required that the two branches of the federal government work in concert, but it also mandated a separation of powers. Inevitably, this situation has led to a clash of wills and a contest
The fundamentals of public administration, from the world'sleading practitioners Handbook of Public Administration is the classic,comprehensive guide to the field, featuring original writings fromthe world's foremost public administration thought leaders andpractitioners. Intended to help both public administration studentsand practitioners navigate administrative challenges, overcomeobstacles, and improve effectiveness, this guide provides acomplete overview of the entire field. The information is organizedinto seven parts representing key domains of knowledge and practicethat are essential for effective public administration. Thesereflect changes in the state of modern public administration, thefactors that influence policies and programs, the mechanics of howgovernment works, and the tools that help administrators get thingsdone. Readers will find insightful discussions on the challenges ofcontemporary governance and the ethics of public administration, aswell as practical guidance on the everyday operations that bringeffective policies and programs to life. Students and experienced practitioners alike will appreciate thewell-rounded approach to issues public administrators face everyday. The book is complete enough to act as a text, but organizedlogically for quick reference for specific problems or situations.Readers will: Understand the challenges posed by the changing context ofpublic administration Explore how relationships and decisions influence publicpolicies and programs Learn the critical skills and tools public administrators mustmaster to be effective Explore the ethics and liabilities of public administration,and what it means to take part The role of public administration is evolving, and the changingnature of the field will impact the way policies and programs aredesigned and implemented. This book fully explores current andupcoming changes domestically and internationally against thebackdrop of public administration fundamentals. For the student orprofessional seeking a deeper understanding of the publicadministrator's role, Handbook of Public Administration is aclear, comprehensive resource.
DIV Book Four of the bestselling Butch Karp legal thriller series: Karp, Marlene, and a few honest cops must stand up to a hive of corrupt politicians Assistant District Attorney Butch Karp is finally recognized for his heroic service to New York City when a group of politicians back him for the top job as Manhattan’s district attorney. But a series of cases involving vigilante murders begins to reveal the true motives of those civil servants standing by his side. It’s Karp versus the dirty city in one of Tanenbaum’s most revealing and caustic legal thrillers— a stunning indictment of civil corruption and overreach. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Robert K. Tanenbaum including rare photos from the author’s personal collection. /div
Everything worthwhile in life comes at a cost. Wisdom must be earned. Love must be nurtured. Peace must be brokered. Many of these sacrifices are negotiations of the individual with the greater universe, and many, sadly, don't survive the journey or are broken by it. Bob Parson was one of them. Separation, divorce, and being isolated from his daughter filled his life with despair. But then everything changed. In the Eye of the Beholder is Bob Parson's autobiographical account of his journeys and life lessons learned from traversing the world during the turbulent 1960s and 1970s, an era when being part of the Silent Generation came with unparalleled beauty and unexpected consequences. Through it all, he was a US soldier, an accomplished businessman, a loving father, and a grateful soul thankful for second chances. His colorful stories span several decades of domestic and international adventures defined by the sadness of war, the thrill of exotic travel, and the cost of personal enlightenment.
Combining academic and industrial viewpoints, this is the definitive stand-alone resource for researchers, students and industrialists. With the latest on foam research, test methods and real-world applications, it provides straightforward answers to why foaming occurs, how it can be avoided, and how different degrees of antifoaming can be achieved.
In Crimes Against Humanity in the 21st Century, Dr Robert Dubler SC and Matthew Kalyk provide a comprehensive analysis of crimes against humanity in international criminal law. The text tracks the crime from its conceptual origins in antiquity, to its emergence in customary international law at Nuremberg, to the establishment of the ‘modern definition’ at the Hague with the ICTY, ICTR and ICC, and finally to recent state practice and jurisprudence. The text sets out conclusions about the legal elements of the crime and contends that the raison d'être of the crime is located not in the inhumanity of its authors’ actions but in the extent to which its authors threaten international peace and security so as to justify international intervention. With a foreword by Geoffrey Robertson QC.
When Warren Buffett was asked why the Gillette board of directors chose Jim Kilts to be CEO, he said, “Jim made as much sense in terms of talking about business as anybody I’ve ever talked to. If you listen to Jim analyze a business situation you get absolutely no baloney. And, frankly, finding someone like that is a rarity.” There is only one CEO in recent times who has faced—and succeeded at—the extraordinary challenges of leading three major companies—Gillette, Nabisco, and Kraft—into prosperous futures by doing what matters on the fundamentals. That CEO is Jim Kilts. In this vivid first-person account he reveals his system for success that is both cutting-edge and back-to-basics. Doing What Matters—the action plan for identifying and tackling what’s important and ignoring the rest—is the key to winning in a warp-speed world where the need for revolutionary speed and decisiveness increases by the day. Kilts illustrates his ideas with colorful stories, such as “that little red razor.” A new product idea he proposed early on at Gillette, it was initially shelved because “everyone knew you couldn’t sell a red razor,” but went on to become one of Gillette’s biggest marketing successes ever. Jim Kilts’s focus on both business fundamentals and personal attributes provides the “complete package,” showing how to get results that make a difference through:• Intellectual integrity: The ability to face the unvarnished truth about yourself and your business and using what you see as the basis for action.• Generating emotional engagement and enthusiasm: Using the force of your personality and ideas to infuse people and an entire organization with a sense of purpose and mission. • Action: Gillette, with just five product lines, had over 20,000 SKUs. After studying the issue for over two years, there were still 20,000. How Kilts got Gillette off the dime to pare down the number to 7,000 almost overnight is an astonishing example of getting the rubber to meet the road—with enormous benefits to the business. • Understanding the right things through an overarching concept to frame and filter issues: For Jim Kilts it was Total Brand Value, the framework he used in the consumer products industry for achieving better, faster, and more complete results than the competition.Whether you’re CEO of a multibillion-dollar global company, the brand manager for a product, an entrepreneur starting a small business, or just beginning a career, Doing What Matters provides the practical ideas that get results—ranging from a day one action plan for starting a new job to a chorus of cheers and support to a program of total innovation that involves everyone in changes from small to “big bang.”
From the beginning, immunologists have maintained a unique nomenclature that has often mystified and even baffled their colleagues in other fields, causing them to liken immunology to a black box. With more than 1200 illustrations, the Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, Third Edition provides immunologists and nonimmunologists a single-volume resource for the many terms encountered in contemporary immunological literature. Encyclopedic in scope and including more than 1200 illustrations, the content ranges from photographs of historical figures to molecular structures of recently characterized cytokines, the major histocompatibility complex molecules, immunoglobulins, and molecules of related interest to immunologists. These descriptive illustrations provide a concise and thorough understanding of the subject. To reflect modern advances, the third edition includes entries on immunopharmacology, newly described interleukins, comparative immunology, immunity to infectious diseases, and expanded definitions in all of the immunological subspecialities. Providing unprecedented breadth and detail, this readily accessible book is not only a pictorial reference but also a primary resource.
From the names of cruise lines and bookstores to an Australian ranch and a nudist camp outside of Atlanta, the word serendipity--that happy blend of wisdom and luck by which something is discovered not quite by accident--is today ubiquitous. This book traces the word's eventful history from its 1754 coinage into the twentieth century--chronicling along the way much of what we now call the natural and social sciences. The book charts where the term went, with whom it resided, and how it fared. We cross oceans and academic specialties and meet those people, both famous and now obscure, who have used and abused serendipity. We encounter a linguistic sage, walk down the illustrious halls of the Harvard Medical School, attend the (serendipitous) birth of penicillin, and meet someone who "manages serendipity" for the U.S. Navy. The story of serendipity is fascinating; that of The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity, equally so. Written in the 1950s by already-eminent sociologist Robert Merton and Elinor Barber, the book--though occasionally and most tantalizingly cited--was intentionally never published. This is all the more curious because it so remarkably anticipated subsequent battles over research and funding--many of which centered on the role of serendipity in science. Finally, shortly after his ninety-first birthday, following Barber's death and preceding his own by but a little, Merton agreed to expand and publish this major work. Beautifully written, the book is permeated by the prodigious intellectual curiosity and generosity that characterized Merton's influential On the Shoulders of Giants. Absolutely entertaining as the history of a word, the book is also tremendously important to all who value the miracle of intellectual discovery. It represents Merton's lifelong protest against that rhetoric of science that defines discovery as anything other than a messy blend of inspiration, perspiration, error, and happy chance--anything other than serendipity.
When the leptin gene was discovered in 1994, news articles predicted that there might soon be an easy, pharmaceutical solution to the growing public health crisis of obesity. Yet this scientific breakthrough merely proved once again how difficult the fight against fat really is. Despite the many appetite-suppressants, diet pills, and weight-loss programs available today, approximately 30 percent of Americans are obese. And that number is expanding rapidly. Fat is the engaging story of the scientific quest to understand and control body weight. Covering the entire twentieth century, Robert Pool chronicles the evolving blame-game for fat--from being a result of undisciplined behavior to subconscious conflicts, physiological disease, and environmental excess. Readers in today's weight-conscious society will be surprised to learn that being overweight was actually encouraged by doctors and popular health magazines up until the 1930s, when the health risks associated with being overweight were publicly recognized. Thus began decades of research and experiments that subsequently explained appetite, metabolism, and the development of fat cells. Pool effectively reanimates the colorful characters, curious experiments, brilliant insights and wrong turns that led to contemporary scientific understanding of America's epidemic. While he acknowledges the advances in the pharmacological fight against flab, he underscores that the real problem of obesity is not losing the weight but keeping it off. Drugs offer a quick fix, but they aren't the ultimate answer. American society must remedy the unhealthy daily environments of its cities and towns, and those who have struggled with their weight and have experienced the "yo-yo" cycle of dieting must understand the underlying science of body weight that makes their struggle more than a question of willpower.
Three pulse-pounding thrillers in the long-running series from the New York Times–bestselling author and “Joseph Wambaugh of the judicial system” (San Diego Tribune). A successful trial lawyer and “one hell of a writer,” Robert K. Tanenbaum crafts his legal thrillers with authenticity and breath-taking suspense. Here are three books in his series featuring Manhattan assistant district attorney Roger “Butch” Karp, who struggles against an often-corrupt judicial system. But with the help of Marlene Ciampi, he fights the good fight with energy, wit, and a passion for the truth (New York Post). Reversible Error: When a group of politicians back his bid for Manhattan’s district attorney, Butch soon realizes that his benefactors have their own sinister motives . . . “Sizzles and explodes . . . a gut-wrencher that takes Tanenbaum to the summit!” —Booklist Material Witness: When a star basketball player is found murdered with a huge stash of cocaine, Butch must go undercover to stop a conspiracy of drugs, gambling, and murder . . . “[A] witty, highly intricate big-city police thriller.” —USA Today Justice Denied: After a Turkish diplomat is gunned down in the street, Butch and Marlene are caught in a deadly web of corruption more sinister than even he could have imagined . . . “[A] gritty tale of intrigue.” —Chicago Tribune
In this “wild, exhilarating ride” from the New York Times–bestselling author, a prosecutor goes undercover—on the court—after a basketball player’s murder (Chicago Tribune). Marion Simmons is big. He’s tough. And he takes a long time to die. Simmons survives the long ride through Queens, clinging to life until the car stops in an abandoned lot, and a hit man puts two bullets in his head. When the police arrive, they recognize the dead man instantly. Simmons is the most famous basketball player in New York City, and his murder—along with the fortune of cocaine found in the car—will turn the sport upside down. When he was in college, Butch Karp dreamed of playing professional basketball. Instead, he became the toughest prosecutor in the District Attorney’s office. To get to the truth of Simmons’ murder, Karp goes undercover as a player—putting his life on the line to cleanse the sport of drug dealing, point shaving, and murder for hire. From the former Manhattan assistant DA and bestselling author of Justice Denied, Material Witness is a standout legal thriller in the long-running Butch Karp and Marlene Ciampi series. Material Witness is the 5th book in the Butch Karp and Marlene Ciampi series, but you may enjoy reading the series in any order. “A winner . . . a master of the crime grime of Manhattan . . . for those who have stalked the criminal courts there’s tremendous authenticity.” —F. Lee Baily “Extraordinary . . . sexy dialogue, rousing action, pungent observation on the New York criminal justice system.” —Chicago Tribune
Comprehensive in scope and thoroughly up to date, Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology, 15th Edition, combines the biology and pathophysiology of hematology as well as the diagnosis and treatment of commonly encountered hematological disorders. Editor-in-chief Dr. Robert T. Means, Jr., along with a team of expert section editors and contributing authors, provide authoritative, in-depth information on the biology and pathophysiology of lymphomas, leukemias, platelet destruction, and other hematological disorders as well as the procedures for diagnosing and treating them. Packed with more than 1,500 tables and figures throughout, this trusted text is an indispensable reference for hematologists, oncologists, residents, nurse practitioners, and pathologists.
Medical Wisdom and Doctoring aims to fill a need in the current medical literature for a resource that presents some of the classic wisdom of medicine, presented in a manner that can help today's physicians achieve their full potential. This book details the lessons every physician should have learned in medical school but often didn't, as well as classic insights and examples from current clinical literature, medical history, and anecdotes from the author's long and distinguished career in medicine. Medical Wisdom and Doctoring: the Art of 21st Century Practice presents lessons a physician may otherwise need to learn from experience or error, and is sure to become a must-have for medical students, residents and young practitioners.
Robert Forczyk covers the development of armoured warfare in North Africa from Rommel's Gazala offensive in 1942 through to the end of war in the desert in Tunisia in 1943. The war in the North African desert was pure mechanized warfare, and in many respects the most technologically advanced theatre of World War II. It was also the only theatre where for three years British and Commonwealth, and later US, troops were in constant contact with Axis forces. World War II best-selling author Robert Forczyk explores the second half of the history of the campaign, from the Gazala offensive in May 1942 that drove the British forces all the way back to the Egyptian frontier and led to the fall of Tobruk, through the pivotal battles of El Alamein, and the final Allied victory in Tunisia. He examines the armoured forces, equipment, doctrine, training, logistics and operations employed by both Allied and Axis forces throughout the period, focusing especially on the brigade and regimental level of operations. Fully illustrated throughout with photographs, profile artwork and maps, and featuring tactical-level vignettes and appendices analysing tank data, tank deliveries in-theatre and orders of battle, this book goes back to the sources to provide a new study of armoured warfare in the desert.
Argues that Eisenhower was a stronger president than previously believed and was responsible for many important accomplishments in the area of foreign policy and the quest for peace.
The Battle of Borodino resonates with the patriotic soul of Mother Russia. The epic confrontation in September 1812 was the single bloodiest day of the Napoleonic Wars, leaving France's Grande Armée limping to the gates of Moscow and on to catastrophe in snow and ice. Generations later, in October 1941, an equally bitter battle was fought at Borodino. This time Hitler's SS and Panzers came up against elite Siberian troops defending Stalin's Moscow. Remarkably, both conflicts took place in the same woods and gullies that follow the sinuous line of the Koloch River. Borodino Field relates the gruelling experience of the French army in Russia, juxtaposed with the personal accounts, diaries and letters of SS and Panzer soldiers during the Second World War. Acclaimed historian Robert Kershaw draws on previously untapped archives to narrate the odyssey of soldiers who marched along identical tracks and roads on the 1,000-kilometre route to Moscow, and reveals the astonishing parallels and contrasts between two battles fought on Russian terrain over 100 years apart.
First published in 1997, this volume emerged in the ongoing struggle between those favouring centralized and those favouring decentralized government, and has three goals: 1) To illustrate how theories of federalism and intergovernmental relations can provide a useful framework for examining how to 'divide up the job in the health care area'; 2) To assess the capacity of the states to actually implement health care policy changes; 3) To weigh the merits of alternative visions of the future roles of states and the federal government in health care policy.
Now in its Ninth Edition, Public Budgeting Systems is a complete and balanced reference that surveys the current state of budgeting throughout all levels of the United States government. The text emphasizes methods by which financial decisions are reached within a system as well as ways in which different types of information are used in budgetary decision-making. It also stresses the use of program information, since, for decades, budget reforms have sought to introduce greater program considerations into financial decisions. The Ninth Edition has been updated to give particular attention to several recent developments in public budgeting and finance including: - Steps that have been taken by governments to battle the effects of the "Great Recession" and to enhance economic recovery. In the US, this includes the actions of the Federal Reserve as well as legislative efforts, such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. - Significant increase in use of fiscal policy tools to stimulate economic recovery, in contrast to most recent previous 20 year period. - The federal government's direct role in the operations of the private sector will be explored. The government has become a major stockholder and therefore has a financial stake in seeing that corporations succeed. - Unprecedented federal deficits, as well as extreme budgetary challenges at the state and local level, including a discussion of causes and possible solutions. - Other changes during the Obama presidency, including the passage of comprehensive health care reform and changes in the management agenda. - Continued developments in financial and debt management, including additional GASB requirements and the effects of the recent economic contraction on the borrowing prospects for state and local governments. - Additional recognition of the effects of the global economy, resulting in an increase in the pages devoted to discussing international examples.
A complete and balanced reference, Public Budgeting Systems, Eighth Edition surveys the current state of budgeting throughout all levels of the United States government. The text emphasizes methods by which financial decisions are reached within a system as well as ways in which different types of information are used in budgetary decision-making. It also stresses the use of program information, since, for decades, budget reforms have sought to introduce greater program considerations into financial decisions. This updated text includes more cases studies and practical information, figures and charts to make the information more accessible, as well as additional student problems. Using this text, students will gain a first-rate understanding of methods by which financial decisions are reached within a system, and how different types of information are used in budgetary decision-making.
This book provides a fresh look at the process by which governments hold themselves accountable to their citizens for performance. Unlike the plethora of other books in the field, it examines all aspects of the Performance Management and Budgeting issue, not only from the federal, state, and local perspectives, but also internationally in both developing and developed countries.Covering both conceptual and theoretical frameworks in performance management and budget, the book analyzes the effectiveness of different approaches. Featuring insights from a group of distinguished contributors, it ties current performance management approaches into the century-old literature on public sector reform and management, and presents arguments for and against performance management as well as recommendations on how to improve the enterprise.
In Air Combat, veteran and military author Robert F. Dorr has collected dozens of interviews from combat veterans who have experienced what it’s like to face the enemy in the skies above, from the first days of World War II to the current war on terror. Each story tells a first-hand account of what it’s like to be in the thick of the fight, describes the history, strengths, and weaknesses of each man’s plane in detail, and offers readers a rare glimpse into the minds and hearts of those who dare to fight in the air. From the savage dogfights of World War II to the high-tech missile duels of today, those who wage war in the skies—and the machines they fly—are a breed apart. Pushing themselves to the cutting edge of speed and skill, their battleground is among the clouds—where every fight you survive is a victory. These are their stories—in their own words.
A valuable contribution to the on-going discussions on evolution within the Orchid family. Dressler's work delimits several major natural groups and emphasises areas needing further study.
Marketing Strategy offers a unique and dynamic approach based on four underlying principles that underpin marketing today: All customers differ; All customers change; All competitors react; and All resources are limited. The structured framework of this acclaimed textbook allows marketers to develop effective and flexible strategies to deal with diverse marketing problems under varying circumstances. Uniquely integrating marketing analytics and data driven techniques with fundamental strategic pillars the book exemplifies a contemporary, evidence-based approach. This base toolkit will support students' decision-making processes and equip them for a world driven by big data. The second edition builds on the first's successful core foundation, with additional pedagogy and key updates. Research-based, action-oriented, and authored by world-leading experts, Marketing Strategy is the ideal resource for advanced undergraduate, MBA, and EMBA students of marketing, and executives looking to bring a more systematic approach to corporate marketing strategies. New to this Edition: - Revised and updated throughout to reflect new research and industry developments, including expanded coverage of digital marketing, influencer marketing and social media strategies - Enhanced pedagogy including new Worked Examples of Data Analytics Techniques and unsolved Analytics Driven Case Exercises, to offer students hands-on practice of data manipulation as well as classroom activities to stimulate peer-to-peer discussion - Expanded range of examples to cover over 250 diverse companies from 25 countries and most industry segments - Vibrant visual presentation with a new full colour design
From the 3.5 million-year-old Lucy-one of our most famous early ancestors-to the rise of Homo sapiens and the spread of our species throughout the globe, this guide explores everything curious readers want to know about prehistory.
From a New York Times–bestselling author and the “Joseph Wambaugh of the judicial system,” comes the first three legal thrillers in the long-running series (San Diego Tribune). A successful trial lawyer and “one hell of a writer,” Robert Tanenbaum crafts his legal thrillers with authenticity and breath-taking suspense. In these first three books of the series, he introduces Manhattan assistant district attorney Roger “Butch” Karp, who struggles to remain true to himself in an often corrupt judicial system. But with the help of assistant DA Marlene Ciampi, he fights the good fight with energy, wit, and a passion for the truth (New York Post). No Lesser Plea: A brutal murderer hopes feigning insanity will keep him out of the courtroom. But Butch and Marlene aren’t about to let him get away with it. “A page-turner.” —San Diego Tribune Depraved Indifference: Butch is ready to prosecute a group of Croatian terrorists in what should be a slam-dunk case, but everyone from the FBI to the CIA—and even the Catholic Church—is prepared to stop him. “A novel full of whirlwind action . . . Very good.” —New York Times Book Review Immoral Certainty: A remorseless monster is stalking the city’s children, forcing Butch and Marlene to descend into the darkest corners of New York’s underworld where a benign face can hide an evil soul. “Intricate plotting . . . A rousing finale . . . Frightening.” —Los Angeles Times Book Review
Debuting in its first edition , The Contemporary American President explores the potential and limitations of presidential influence in times of rising public expectation for the office and the declining ability of presidents to meet it. It focuses on six major areas concerning the presidency - selection, power, accountability, decision making, personality, and leadership - and offers an appreciation of the challenges of the office as the institution attempts to function in an increasingly controversial political environment.
This distinctive and timely text examines the most prevalent substance and process addictions and focuses on current research and evidence-based treatment strategies. Major substance addictions discussed include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, methamphetamines, and prescription drugs. Complete chapters are also devoted to the most frequently cited process addictions, making this text unique. Behavioral addictions covered in this text include pathological gambling, sex disorders, disordered eating, work, exercise, shopping, and Internet/gaming. Each chapter contains a listing of student learning outcomes, a case study with reflective questions, techniques for assessment and diagnosis, inpatient and outpatient treatment approaches, and resources for further study. With its emphasis on treatment strategies, this text can be used by practitioners as well as by professors in the classroom in introductory courses in addictions or in subsequent courses that focus on treatment strategies. *Requests for digital versions from the ACA can be found on wiley.com. *To request print copies, please visit the ACA website here. *Reproduction requests for material from books published by ACA should be directed to publications@counseling.org
When published in 1980, Benjamin B. Beck’s Animal Tool Behavior was the first volume to catalog and analyze the complete literature on tool use and manufacture in non-human animals. Beck showed that animals—from insects to primates—employed different types of tools to solve numerous problems. His work inspired and energized legions of researchers to study the use of tools by a wide variety of species. In this revised and updated edition of the landmark publication, Robert W. Shumaker and Kristina R. Walkup join Beck to reveal the current state of knowledge regarding animal tool behavior. Through a comprehensive synthesis of the studies produced through 2010, the authors provide an updated and exact definition of tool use, identify new modes of use that have emerged in the literature, examine all forms of tool manufacture, and address common myths about non-human tool use. Specific examples involving invertebrates, birds, fish, and mammals describe the differing levels of sophistication of tool use exhibited by animals.
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