Celebrity Colonialism brings together studies on an array of personalities, movements and events from the colonial era to the present, and explores the intersection of discourses, formations and institutions that condition celebrity in colonial and postcolonial cultures. Across nineteen chapters, it examines the entanglements of fame and power fame in colonial and postcolonial settings. Each chapter demonstrates the sometimes highly ambivalent roles played by famous personalities as endorsements and apologists for, antagonists and challengers of, colonial, imperial and postcolonial institutions and practices. And each in their way provides an insight into the complex set of meanings implied by novel term “celebrity colonialism.” The contributions to this collection demonstrate that celebrity provides a powerful lens for examining the nexus of discourses, institutions and practices associated with the dynamics of appropriation, domination, resistance and reconciliation that characterize colonial and postcolonial cultural politics. Taken together the contributions to Celebrity Colonialism argue that the examination of celebrity promises to enrich our understanding of what colonialism was and, more significantly, what it has become.
The line of Western Spirituality began in Egypt and continued through the time of Christ. Has it become stalled in the years since?Robert Clarke says yes, it has. In The Four Gold Keys, Clarke, going by his own spiritualization in the psychic depths, argued that the way out of Western civilization's essential atheism lies in the psychological teachings of Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.In An Order Outside Time, Clarke reinterprets Western Spirituality, using Jungian symbolism, to show that the great stories of ancient Egypt and of the Old and New Testament are processes of what Jung called individuation. This is the individual's journey from lowest to highest Self; from Osiris to Horus, from Moses to Joshua, from David to Solomon, from John the Baptist to Jesus Christ. These pairings also reflect what Joseph Campbell calls the Hero's Journey, which may ultimately spiritualize the whole culture.Clarke traces the connections between Egyptian, Jewish, and Christian mythology, andconcluding that the West's spiritual lineage has become stalledmaintains that we can attain wholeness only by making sense of the clues provided by our mythology. This is the royal line of Higher Self incarnations through the collective unconscious.The ultimate example of individuation, Clarke says, is the Christ, who must now be further understood and developed. And, taking Christ as our symbol of the Self, direct experience of the sacred, by each of us, can enable us to achieve our greatest spiritual potential, both as individuals and as a whole culture. An Order Outside Time shows how that spiritual journey began and how it must be continued.
Autophagy is a major catabolic process used by cells to remove superfluous or damaged proteins and organelles. In the final stages of autophagy, acidic organelles (lysosomes) act to degrade autophagic cargo and to facilitate their recycling. Little is known about how cancer cells undergoing autophagy, often as a consequence of stress, respond when lysosomal function is blocked. To elucidate this mechanism, several recent studies report that lysosomes and their hydrolytic proteases (cathepsins) play a critical role in autophagy and subsequent cancer progression. Our studies in breast cancer suggest that inhibition of cathepsins D and L using the BH3-mimetic, obatoclax, is effective in reducing the cell density of anti-estrogen sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, blockage of cathepsin protein expression with obatoclax leads to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and impairs the ability of cells to use degraded material to restore homeostasis. While cancer cells are dependent on effective lysosomal function, neoplastic transformation induces changes in lysosomal volume, number, and protease activity. Recent reports suggest that pro-oncogenic changes render cancer cells more susceptible to lysosomal-associated death pathways. A number of distinct stimuli have been shown to permeabilize the lysosomal membrane, leading to the release of hydrolases into the cytosol and, ultimately, cell death. Thus, changes in cathepsin and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) regulation during cancer cell progression suggest that strategies targeting this cellular compartment may be exploited to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
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