Over the past twenty years, more and more copies of THE MERCK MANUAL, one of the most widely used sources of medical information in the world, were being purchased by people who were not healthcare professionals, despite the fact that it had never been advertised and was not written for public use. Recognising the public's increasing need for access to the same medical information doctors have, Merck have responded with the HOME EDITION. This contains virtually all the information in the physician's version, but in easy-to-understand, everyday language, with a reader-friendly format. It presents in-depth information on symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment options for every possible medical problem, including heart disease, cancer, accidents and injuries, infections, and nutrition issues. This is a comprehensive, generously illustrated and up-to-date guide from Merck - a world leader in breakthrough medical discoveries.
Discusses physiologic changes of normal aging and the clinical aspects of caring for the elderly patient. Also covers cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary and gynecologic, hematologic, musculoskeletal, metabolic and endocrine, neurologic, psychiatric, skin, eye, and ear, nose and throat disorders as well as infectious diseases, in the elderly.
The 1994 Major League Baseball season promised to be memorable. Long-standing batting and pitching standards were threatened, including the revered single-season home run record. The Montreal Expos and New York Yankees were delivering remarkable campaigns. In August, acting commissioner Bud Selig called a halt to the season amid the League's latest labor dispute. The shutdown led to a lockout as well as cancellation of more than 900 regular season games, the scheduled expanded rounds of playoffs, and that year's World Series. Like all labor struggles, it was fundamentally about control--of salaries, of players' ability to decide their own fates, and of the game itself. This book chronicles Major League Baseball's turbulent '94 season and its ripple effects. It highlights earlier labor struggles and the roles performed by individuals from John Montgomery Ward, David Fultz and Robert Murphy to Marvin Miller, Andy Messersmith, Jim "Catfish" Hunter and Donald Fehr. Also examined are the ballplayers' own organizations, from the Players League of the early 1890s to the still potent Major League Baseball Players Association doing battle with team owners and their representatives.
First Published in 2000. The invisible hand of the market cannot conceal color. This study contends that the economy is an extension of society’s system of racial and ethnic stratification. The central argument of this study is that the internal colonial paradigm should be used as a guiding principle in the analysis of minority business development in minority markets. Through the use of this paradigm, the institutional constraints of doing business in a minority market can be identified. The ethnic beauty aids industry was selected as the subject of this case study because it is embedded in the context of minority markets, which entail high concentrations of minority entrepreneurs and consumers. Minority entrepreneurs enter minority markets to avoid racial barriers they perceive in the mainstream economy, and minority consumers find minority markets more accessible and responsive to their consumption needs.
Mineral supplements are receiving a great deal of attention and experiencing a tremendous period of growth. Despite their popularity, questions continue to arise regarding the research behind their claims, the efficacy of different forms, and their overall safety. It is critical for the health care community and the general public to have an unbias
He hopped the freight trains of blues lore - the Pea Vine, the Southern, and the Yellow Dog - and played the riverboats, juke joints, and good-timing houses along the dusty roads of the Delta.
Knowledge of instrumentation is critical in light of the highly sensitive and precise requirements of modern processes and systems. Rapid development in instrumentation technology coupled with the adoption of new standards makes a firm, up-to-date foundation of knowledge more important than ever in most science and engineering fields. Understanding this, Robert B. Northrop produced the best-selling Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements in 1997. The second edition continues to provide in-depth coverage of a wide array of modern instrumentation and measurement topics, updated to reflect advances in the field. See What's New in the Second Edition: Anderson Current Loop technology Design of optical polarimeters and their applications Photonic measurements with photomultipliers and channel-plate photon sensors Sensing of gas-phase analytes (electronic "noses") Using the Sagnac effect to measure vehicle angular velocity Micromachined, vibrating mass, and vibrating disk rate gyros Analysis of the Humphrey air jet gyro Micromachined IC accelerometers GPS and modifications made to improve accuracy Substance detection using photons Sections on dithering, delta-sigma ADCs, data acquisition cards, the USB, and virtual instruments and PXI systems Based on Northrop's 40 years of experience, Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements, Second Edition is unequalled in its depth and breadth of coverage.
This treatise had its origins in the authors' strong opinion that the discovery of new drugs, especially of innovative therapeutic agents, really does not happen as a spontaneous sequel to investiga tive research, no matter how penetrating such research may be. Rather, it seemed to us that the discovery of innovative therapeutic agents was a very active process, existing in and of itself, and demanding full attention-it was not simply a passive, dependent by-process of investigative research. And yet, many researchers some close confreres of the authors, others more distant-believed otherwise. We felt that their view reflected unrealistic thinking and that reality probably lay closer to what Beyer" maintained: We are taught to believe that if we can understand a disease it should be easy enough to figure out, say, the molecular configuration of a definitive receptor mechanism somewhere along the line and to design a specific drug . . . . And so we start out to understand the disease but never get around to doing much about therapy. The authors very soon realized that there was essentially no quantitive information available on just where and how innovative therapeutic agents were discovered. There were only anecdotal accounts, and these were able to be selected and presented in ways that could be used to defend any point of view.
At one time, Mickey Spillane had authored seven of the top ten bestsellers in history, and may have been the most widely read author in the world. Spillane masterful storytelling grabs his readers with his first paragraph and leads them spellbound toward his climax. Along with Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and Ross Macdonald, he remains one of America's greatest mystery writers. This book is a convenient guide to his works. An opening chronology lists the chief events in his life and career. The bulk of the volume presents several hundred alphabetically arranged entries on his writings. Lengthier entries summarize the plots of his works, including I, the Jury; My Gun Is Quick; Vengeance Is Mine!; and The Long Wait. Shorter entries identify his numerous characters, including his particularly memorable detective, Mike Hammer. Select entries list works for further reading, and the volume concludes with a brief bibliography.
The Future of Nursing explores how nurses' roles, responsibilities, and education should change significantly to meet the increased demand for care that will be created by health care reform and to advance improvements in America's increasingly complex health system. At more than 3 million in number, nurses make up the single largest segment of the health care work force. They also spend the greatest amount of time in delivering patient care as a profession. Nurses therefore have valuable insights and unique abilities to contribute as partners with other health care professionals in improving the quality and safety of care as envisioned in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted this year. Nurses should be fully engaged with other health professionals and assume leadership roles in redesigning care in the United States. To ensure its members are well-prepared, the profession should institute residency training for nurses, increase the percentage of nurses who attain a bachelor's degree to 80 percent by 2020, and double the number who pursue doctorates. Furthermore, regulatory and institutional obstacles-including limits on nurses' scope of practice-should be removed so that the health system can reap the full benefit of nurses' training, skills, and knowledge in patient care. In this book, the Institute of Medicine makes recommendations for an action-oriented blueprint for the future of nursing.
This book balances the behavioral and database aspects of customer relationship management, providing students with a comprehensive introduction to an often overlooked, but important aspect of marketing strategy. Baran and Galka deliver a book that helps students understand how an enhanced customer relationship strategy can differentiate an organization in a highly competitive marketplace. This edition has several new features: Updates that take into account the latest research and changes in organizational dynamics, business-to-business relationships, social media, database management, and technology advances that impact CRM New material on big data and the use of mobile technology An overhaul of the social networking chapter, reflecting the true state of this dynamic aspect of customer relationship management today A broader discussion of the relationship between CRM and the marketing function, as well as its implications for the organization as a whole Cutting edge examples and images to keep readers engaged and interested A complete typology of marketing strategies to be used in the CRM strategy cycle: acquisition, retention, and win-back of customers With chapter summaries, key terms, questions, exercises, and cases, this book will truly appeal to upper-level students of customer relationship management. Online resources, including PowerPoint slides, an instructor’s manual, and test bank, provide instructors with everything they need for a comprehensive course in customer relationship management.
This extremely versatile handbook, written for students and practitioners, taps current treatment and assessment research to provide up-to-date coverage of emotional and behavioral disorders, major DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories, MMPI-2 correlates and other test-response patterns, and treatment options. Diagnostic concepts and observations are linked with specific assessment and test data for diagnostic categories; this is then integrated with recommended intervention procedures. In a single volume, the authors have synthesized an abundance of information and presented it in a manageable and accessible manner. Their extensive experience in clinical and forensic psychologyteaching, conducting research, interacting with clients, working in the criminal justice systemhighly qualifies them to know and present the kind of practical information students and practitioners need. Additional outstanding features . . . emphasizes multimodal assessment and treatment includes extensive discussions of clinical challenges, such as suicidal clients, the criminal personality, deception, and malingering offers bibliotherapy reading assignments and appropriate relaxation techniques for various types of clients provides coverage of legal issuescompetency, criminal responsibility, and civil commitment presents useful tips on case preparation and professional practice in the office and the courtroom
FOR THE ONE IN FIVE COUPLES WHO EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY CONCEIVING You have more than one hundred hormones circulating in your body–reproductive hormones, pregnancy hormones, sex hormones, metabolic hormones, and stress hormones–relaying messages from tissue to tissue, organ to organ, brain to body, and body to brain. An equilibrium, a perfect balance in both partners, often determines your ability to conceive and support a pregnancy. When your body is imbalanced, conception becomes very difficult. Luckily, hormonal imbalances can be corrected. Drawing on the latest research in this field–which links underlying hormonal issues with infertility in men and women–Dr. Robert Greene, fertility specialist, ob/gyn, and reproductive endocrinologist, has created the Perfect Balance Fertility Program to help patients attain the optimal hormonal health that is necessary for conception. In Dr. Robert Greene’s Perfect Hormone Balance for Fertility, he shares his groundbreaking program so you can: •Identify and correct the causes of the hormonal issues that affect fertility •Use nutrition, exercise, and stress-reduction techniques to achieve a healthy equilibrium through a personalized plan •Determine when it’s time for basic or advanced reproductive techniques, such as IVF, and learn how to be your own advocate so you can avoid costly and unnecessary tests and treatments Comprehensive, friendly, and accessible, Dr. Robert Greene’s Perfect Hormone Balance for Fertility reveals all your best options for achieving the optimal hormonal levels that will positively impact your chances for a successful pregnancy.
Inspired by the enthusiastic response of psychiatrists and psychiatric residents to the recently published Primary Care Medicine for Psychiatrists: A Practitioner's Guide, the current volume is a concise, first-source guide to help specialists and other healthcare providers (especially psychiatrists, OB/GYN, and cardiologists) treat many general medicine problems. Each chapter has been reviewed by a specialist or doctor with particular interest in the area to assure the accuracy and timeliness of the material. Primary Care Medicine for Specialists and Non-Specialists is written in a concise, note-like format, and is designed to be used rather than read.
This is a baseball book, but whether Creamer intended it or not, it's much, much more."-Sports Illustrated. "[Creamer] recalls this momentous year in baseball and world history. He reprises Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak, Ted Williams's .406 batting average, Hank Greenberg and the draft, the furious Dodgers-Cardinals pennant fight, and the ensuing World Series. All this is portrayed against the looming U.S. entry into World War II."-Library Journal. Robert W. Creamer, one of the best and most perceptive writers on baseball, remembers the baseball-and other matters-of 1941 in a tribute to the game that is also part memoir. Creamer was a long-time writer and editor at Sports Illustrated. He is the author or coauthor of numerous books, including the following Bison Books: Stengel: His Life and Times, Rhubarb in the Catbird Seat, Jocko, and The Quality of Courage.
Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition helps biomedical engineers understand the basic analog electronic circuits used for signal conditioning in biomedical instruments. It explains the function and design of signal conditioning systems using analog ICs—the circuits that enable ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, tomographic images, biochemical spectrograms, and other crucial medical applications. This book demonstrates how op amps are the keystone of modern analog signal conditioning system design and illustrates how they can be used to build instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, and many other biomedical instrumentation systems and subsystems. It introduces the mathematical tools used to describe noise and its propagation through linear systems, and it looks at how signal-to-noise ratios can be improved by signal averaging and linear filtering. Features Analyzes the properties of photonic sensors and emitters and the circuits that power them Details the design of instrumentation amplifiers and medical isolation amplifiers Considers the modulation and demodulation of biomedical signals Examines analog power amplifiers, including power op amps and class D (switched) PAs Describes wireless patient monitoring, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication protocols Explores RFID, GPS, and ultrasonic tags and the design of fractal antennas Addresses special analog electronic circuits and systems such as phase-sensitive rectifiers, phase detectors, and IC thermometers By explaining the "building blocks" of biomedical systems, the author illustrates the importance of signal conditioning systems in the devices that gather and monitor patients’ critical medical information. Fully revised and updated, this second edition includes new chapters, a glossary, and end-of-chapter problems. What’s New in This Edition Updated and revised material throughout the book A chapter on the applications, circuits, and characteristics of power amplifiers A chapter on wireless patient monitoring using UHF telemetry A chapter on RFID tags, GPS tags, and ultrasonic tags A glossary to help you decode the acronyms and terms used in biomedical electronics, physiology, and biochemistry New end-of-chapter problems and examples
Considered by many during his lifetime as the most well-known scientist in the world, Stephen Jay Gould left an enormous and influential body of work. A Harvard professor of paleontology, evolutionary biology, and the history of science, Gould provided major insights into our understanding of the history of life. He helped to reinvigorate paleontology, launch macroevolution on a new course, and provide a context in which the biological developmental stages of an organism's embryonic growth could be integrated into an understanding of evolution. This book is a set of reflections on the many areas of Gould's intellectual life by the people who knew and understood him best: former students and prominent close collaborators. Mostly a critical assessment of his legacy, the chapters are not technical contributions but rather offer a combination of intellectual bibliography, personal memoir, and reflection on Gould's diverse scientific achievements. The work includes the most complete bibliography of his writings to date and offers a multi-dimensional view of Gould's life-work not to be found in any other volume.
Leadership in Nursing Practice: Changing the Landscape of Health Care, Third Edition provides nursing students with the leadership skill-set they will need when entering the field.
Your body has incredible healing powers of its own. All you need to do is to utilize it under guidance. Homeopathy offers an array of treatments for common health problems.
Edited by Robert E. Rakel, MD and David P. Rakel, MD, Textbook of Family Medicine remains your #1 choice for complete guidance on the principles of family medicine, primary care in the community, and all aspects of clinical practice. Ideal for both residents and practicing physicians, it includes evidence-based, practical information to optimize your patient care and prepare you for the ABFM exam. The full-color format features a clean, quick-reference layout that makes it easy for you to put information to work immediately in your practice. You can also access the complete contents online at www.expertconsult.com, plus 30 videos of common office procedures, additional chapters on timely topics, and figures, tables, and photographs that supplement the text. Prepare for success on the ABFM exam with complete coverage of all aspects of family medicine. Access information quickly with an efficient, full-color layout that makes it easy to apply the latest knowledge in your practice. Take advantage of today’s most useful online resources with a convenient list of outstanding clinical websites. Quickly spot "Best Evidence Recommendations" with special boxes located throughout the text. Glean helpful tips on diagnosis and therapy from "Key Points" boxes found on every page. Access the complete contents and illustrations online at www.expertconsult.com - fully searchable – plus additional figures, tables, and photographs online, as well as online-only chapters that cover topics such as prescribing nutritional supplements and botanicals. View 30 videos online covering common office procedures such as vasectomy, the proper use of today’s diabetic equipment, and endometrial biopsy. Gain a new understanding of the patient-centered medical home and how to achieve this status in outpatient clinics. Make the most effective care decisions with help from "Evidence vs. Harm" icons that guide you through key treatments of common medical conditions.
This text introduces and provides instruction on the design and analysis of experiments for a broad audience. Formed by decades of teaching, consulting, and industrial experience in the Design of Experiments field, this new edition contains updated examples, exercises, and situations covering the science and engineering practice. This text minimizes the amount of mathematical detail, while still doing full justice to the mathematical rigor of the presentation and the precision of statements, making the text accessible for those who have little experience with design of experiments and who need some practical advice on using such designs to solve day-to-day problems. Additionally, an intuitive understanding of the principles is always emphasized, with helpful hints throughout.
Is the face of American baseball throughout the world that of goodwill ambassador or ugly American? Has baseball crafted its own image or instead been at the mercy of broader forces shaping our society and the globe? The Empire Strikes Out gives us the sweeping story of how baseball and America are intertwined in the export of “the American way.” From the Civil War to George W. Bush and the Iraq War, we see baseball's role in developing the American empire, first at home and then beyond our shores. And from Albert Spalding and baseball's first World Tour to Bud Selig and the World Baseball Classic, we witness the globalization of America's national pastime and baseball's role in spreading the American dream. Besides describing baseball's frequent and often surprising connections to America's presence around the world, Elias assesses the effects of this relationship both on our foreign policies and on the sport itself and asks whether baseball can play a positive role or rather only reinforce America's dominance around the globe. Like Franklin Foer in How Soccer Explains the World, Elias is driven by compelling stories, unusual events, and unique individuals. His seamless integration of original research and compelling analysis makes this a baseball book that's about more than just sports.
Much has been written about Roger Maris and the historic summer of 1961 when he broke Babe Ruth's single-season home run record yet little is known about the pitchers on the other side of the tale. One of the many knocks against Maris was that he faced inferior pitching in an American League watered down by expansion from eight to 10 teams. But was that really the case? Did Maris face has-beens and never-weres while Ruth confronted the cream of AL pitching? Who were these starters and relievers and how good were they? Drawing on first-hand accounts, interviews and a range of contemporary sources, this study covers each of Maris' 63 home runs that season, including the lost one and his game-winning World Series dinger. Biographies of each of his 48 victims cover the pitcher's career, pitching style and the circumstances of the game. Maris faced some really fine pitching that summer despite what many contended then--and now.
Making Words Dance: Perspectives on Red Smith, Journalism, and Writing is a timely and timeless collection of lectures examining both the writer's art and the role of journalism in American culture. Making Words Dance features lectures by fifteen of the country's most respected journalists and writers, given as part of the lecture series at the University of Notre Dame honoring award-winning columnist Red Smith. Edited by Robert Schmuhl, director of the Red Smith Lecture in Journalism since its inception in 1983, the collection offers assessments of the news business and writing by Ted Koppel, Frank McCourt, Jim Lehrer, Judy Woodruff, David Remnick, and James Reston, among others. Notably, the book also includes the final lecture on journalism given by Tim Russert before his untimely death in 2008. The collected lectures are complemented by sixteen articles and columns by Smith, a stylist and reporter whose writing always danced and taught lessons about the craft. Both an entertaining tutorial on the writer's art and an incisive commentary on the state of contemporary media, Making Words Dance is a fitting celebration of the life and work of one of American journalism's most notable figures.
Marine recreation represents one of the most important uses of our marine and coastal environments.This is a natural result of three things; population density in coastal areas, increasing interest in outdoor recreation, and the special lure of the sea.What the poet may think of as the lure of the sea, today‘s recreation planner would consider a combination of resource-directed and image-directed desires.
This volume provides an innovative and detailed overview of the book publishing industry, including details about the business processes in editorial, marketing and production. The work explores the complex issues that occur every day in the publishing industry.
Sports are the opiate of the people, particularly in the United States, Europe, and parts of South America. Globally, billions of fans feverishly focus on the summer and winter Olympics. In theory, international fraternalism is boosted by these "friendly competitions," but often national rivalries eclipse the theoretical amity. How the Olympics have dealt with racism over the years offers a window to better understanding these dynamics. Since their revival in 1896, the modern Olympics were periodically agitated by political and moral conundrums. Racial tensions, the topic of this volume, reached their apex under the polarizing presidency of Avery Brundage. Race in sports cannot be disentangled from societal problems, nor can race or sports be fully understood separately. Racial conflict must be contextualized. Racism and the Olympics explores the racial landscape against which a number of major disputes evolved. The book covers various topics and events in history that portray discrimination within Olympic games, such as the Nazi games of 1936, the black American protest on the victory stand in Mexico City's Olympics, as well as international political forces that removed South Africa and Rhodesia from the Olympics. Robert G. Weisbord considers the role of international politics and the criteria that should be used to determine nations that are selected to take part in and serve as venues for the Olympic Games.
An up-to-date and indispensable guide for film history buffs of all kind, this book surveys more than 500 major films based on true stories and historical subject matter. When a film is described as "based on a true story" or "inspired by true events," exactly how "true" is it? Which "factual" elements of the story were distorted for dramatic purposes, and what was added or omitted? Inspired by True Events: An Illustrated Guide to More Than 500 History-Based Films, Second Edition concisely surveys a wide range of major films, docudramas, biopics, and documentaries based on real events, addressing subject areas including military history and war, political figures, sports, and art. This book provides an up-to-date and indispensable guide for all film history buffs, students and scholars of history, and fans of the cinema.
Marvin Miller changed major league baseball and the business of sports. Drawing on research and interviews with Miller and others, Marvin Miller, Baseball Revolutionary offers the first biography covering the pivotal labor leader's entire life and career. Baseball historian Robert F. Burk follows the formative encounters with Depression-era hard times, racial and religious bigotry, and bare-knuckle Washington and labor politics that prepared Miller for his biggest professional challenge--running the moribund Major League Baseball Players Association. Educating and uniting the players as a workforce, Miller embarked on a long campaign to win the concessions that defined his legacy: decent workplace conditions, a pension system, outside mediation of player grievances and salary disputes, a system of profit sharing, and the long-sought dismantling of the reserve clause that opened the door to free agency. Through it all, allies and adversaries alike praised Miller's hardnosed attitude, work ethic, and honesty. Comprehensive and illuminating, Marvin Miller, Baseball Revolutionary tells the inside story of a time of change in sports and labor relations, and of the contentious process that gave athletes in baseball and across the sporting world a powerful voice in their own games.
Accelerate your transition to nursing success! Excel in your senior practicum, pass the NCLEX-RN® and flourish in your new nursing career. A streamlined, outline format, case studies, clinical alerts, and quick-reference tables ensure you easily master the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to succeed as an RN.
The ultimate compendium of wit and humor for all occasions from business meetings to sales presentations to professional conventions to political rallies to rehearsal dinners--all organized by topic and fully indexed by subject. A treasury of jokes, puns, quips, one-liners, and stories to start a speech off right, keep any audience chuckling, and add some welcome comic relief anywhere its required. From the Paperback edition.
From the popular and highly respected Clinical Anesthesia family of titles comes a new resource that clearly and simply explains the core concepts of anesthesiology that you need to know. From physiology and pharmacology to anatomy and system-based anesthesia, it uses full-color graphics, easy-to-read tables, and clear, concise text to convey the essential principles of the field.
Methods for determining, isolating and identifying human milk lipids, together with problems associated with sampling and analysis, are described in some detail in the first 3 chapters of this book. Factors affecting total lipid content of human milk, lipid classification, fatty acids, the milk fat globule membrane, fat-soluble vitamins and nutritional aspects of human milk lipids are also extensively reviewed in Chapters 4-9.
The bicyclist is under attack from all directions - the streets are ragged, the air is poison, and the drivers are angry. As if that weren't enough, the American cyclist must carry the weight of history along on every ride. After a brief heyday at the turn of the twentieth century, American cyclists fell out of the social consciousness, becoming an afterthought when our cities were planned and built. Cyclists today are left to navigate through a hard and unsympathetic world that was not made for them. Yet, with the proper attitude and a bit of knowledge, cyclists can thrive in this hostile environment. Covering much more than just riding a bike in traffic, author Robert Hurst paints, in uncanny detail, the challenges, strategies, and art of riding a bike on America's modern streets and roadways. The Art of Cycling dismantles the bicycling experience and slides it under the microscope, piece by piece. Its primary concern is safety, but this book goes well beyond the usual tips and how-to, diving in to the realms of history, psychology, sociology, and economics.
HIV & AIDS: A Foundation for Nursing and Health Care Practice is based on an enhanced needs-based model of nursing, providing a comprehensive reference to the entire spectrum of HIV disease for nurses, midwives and other healthcare professionals. Now completely re-written and updated, the 5th edition of this highly successful text provides a new understanding of the issues behind the epidemic. The dynamics of science driving patient outcomes, including epidemiology, retrovirology, immunology and pathogenesis, are clearly described and made accessible, to provide a sound evidence base for making effective clinical practice decisions. Major new chapters explore how to help patients adhere to treatment, how to advise patients on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches to therapy and, importantly, the issues confronting nurses, midwives and other health care professionals in the developing world.
Political analysts and journalists often draw analogies between John F. Kennedy, the first Catholic Irish president, and Barack Obama, the first African American president. Their election to the nation's highest office was historic, but for reasons not fully appreciated. In John F. Kennedy, Barack Obama, and the Politics of Ethnic Incorporation and Avoidance, Robert C. Smith provides a fascinating comparison of the challenges both men faced in their bid for the presidency, while at the same time providing comparative histories of the Catholic Irish and African American struggles to overcome racial and religious subordination in America. Kennedy's Catholicism was an explicit issue in the 1960 election, and once elected he was extremely careful to avoid appearing either "too Irish" or "too Catholic." While Obama's race was not an explicit issue in the 2008 election, he was just as careful to avoid appearing "too black." Paradoxically religion—thanks to rumors and lies about whether Obama was a Muslim—became a substitute for race, allowing Republican strategists to "otherize" Obama by raising the issue of religion in the context of national security and terrorism.
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