In Stages of Capital, Ritu Birla brings research on nonwestern capitalisms into conversation with postcolonial studies to illuminate the historical roots of India’s market society. Between 1870 and 1930, the British regime in India implemented a barrage of commercial and contract laws directed at the “free” circulation of capital, including measures regulating companies, income tax, charitable gifting, and pension funds, and procedures distinguishing gambling from speculation and futures trading. Birla argues that this understudied legal infrastructure institutionalized a new object of sovereign management, the market, and along with it, a colonial concept of the public. In jurisprudence, case law, and statutes, colonial market governance enforced an abstract vision of modern society as a public of exchanging, contracting actors free from the anachronistic constraints of indigenous culture. Birla reveals how the categories of public and private infiltrated colonial commercial law, establishing distinct worlds for economic and cultural practice. This bifurcation was especially apparent in legal dilemmas concerning indigenous or “vernacular” capitalists, crucial engines of credit and production that operated through networks of extended kinship. Focusing on the story of the Marwaris, a powerful business group renowned as a key sector of India’s capitalist class, Birla demonstrates how colonial law governed vernacular capitalists as rarefied cultural actors, so rendering them illegitimate as economic agents. Birla’s innovative attention to the negotiations between vernacular and colonial systems of valuation illustrates how kinship-based commercial groups asserted their legitimacy by challenging and inhabiting the public/private mapping. Highlighting the cultural politics of market governance, Stages of Capital is an unprecedented history of colonial commercial law, its legal fictions, and the formation of the modern economic subject in India.
This book presents device design, layout design, FEM analysis, device fabrication, and packaging and testing of MEMS-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. It serves as a complete guide from design, FEM, and fabrication to characterization. Each chapter of this volume illustrates key insight technologies through images. The book showcases different technologies for energy harvesting and the importance of energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks. The design, simulation, and comparison of three types of structures – single beam cantilever structure, cantilever array structure, and guided beam structure have also been reported in one of the chapters. In this volume, an elaborate characterization of two-beam and four-beam fabricated devices has been carried out. This characterization includes structural, material, morphological, topological, dynamic, and electrical characterization of the device. The volume is very concise, easy to understand, and contains colored images to understand the details of each process.
This book is prepared exclusively for the Foundation Level of Chartered Accountancy Examination requirement. It covers the past exam questions & detailed answers strictly as per the new syllabus of ICAI. The Present Publication is the 8th Edition for CA-Foundation | Dec. 2023 exams. This book is authored by Dr Ritu Gupta, with the following noteworthy features: • As per the latest syllabus of ICAI • Coverage of this book includes: o All Past Exam Questions § CA Foundation Solved Paper – June 2023 | Memory Based o Questions from ICAI Study Material • [Chapters are Divided into Sub-Topics] for easy learning • [Most Amended & Updated] Questions of Business and Commercial Knowledge have been updated as per the current scenario • [Marks Distribution] Chapter-wise marks distribution from May 2018 onwards • [Comparison with ICAI Study-Material] has been provided chapter-wise Contents of this book are as follows: • Part I – Business Economics o Nature and Scope of Economics o Theory of Demand and Supply o Theory of Production and Cost o Meaning and Types of Markets o Business Cycles • Part II – Business & Commercial Knowledge o Business & Commercial Knowledge – An Introduction o Business Environment o Business Organisation o Government Policies for Business Growth o Organizations Facilitating Business o Common Business Terminologies
Caricaturing Culture in India is a highly original history of political cartoons in India. Drawing on the analysis of newspaper cartoons since the 1870s, archival research and interviews with prominent Indian cartoonists, this ambitious study combines historical narrative with ethnographic testimony to give a pioneering account of the role that cartoons have played over time in political communication, public discourse and the refraction of ideals central to the creation of the Indian postcolonial state. Maintaining that cartoons are more than illustrative representations of news, Ritu Gairola Khanduri uncovers the true potential of cartoons as a visual medium where memories jostle, history is imagined and lines of empathy are demarcated. Placing the argument within a wider context, this thought-provoking book highlights the history and power of print media in debates on free speech and democratic processes around the world, revealing why cartoons still matter today.
This book describes various aspects of technical textiles and materials, emerging technologies, plant by-products, ultrafine fibers, functional fibers, and fabrics, covering the entire spectrum of technical textiles. It covers the fundamental aspects of emerging technology, materials, and processes. It also discusses various futuristic potential nanofibrous material spun via needleless technology and their inherent properties utilized for creating functional applications in the field of technical textiles. Features: Covers the fundamentals of technical fibers and their processing technologies. Explores natural fibers from agro-residue for high-value technical textiles. Presents up-to-date summary of technical textiles and associated technology. Highlights research and development studies data translated into product-oriented research and practical applications. Identifies the coloring ability of prevailing and new sources of pigments from bioresources. The book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in textile and industrial engineering, materials science, and engineering, including apparel engineering.
Forests being the lungs of planet Earth are the most important ecosystems. They act as carbon sinks and sustain a huge amount of carbon in them. They play an extremely important role for the survival of the living beings on this earth. From human beings to the flora and fauna of the earth’s ecosystem depend on the forests in some way or the other. Forests are the repositories of enormous biodiversity on this planet. They are an adobe to millions of species of animals including human beings, plants and microorganisms. They also give massive ecosystem services to mankind and to all the living beings thriving on this earth. They regulate climate, water cycles and carbon sequestering on this planet. They even provide a livelihood to human beings all over the world. They check global warming on this earth. The parameter of sustainable development is that forest and biodiversity is conserved for the coming generations also. Forests are the most important repositories of terrestrial biological diversity. The diversity of life amongst the living beings and their distinct habitats, the interactions between the various components of the biodiversity makes this planet a habitable place for various life forms. Forest conservation is extremely important for intergenerational equity and the principle of sustainable development paves the way. The forests especially in the domains of forestry and agriculture provide 40% of the world’s economy. This is due to the biological diversity in the forest ecosystems. 70% of the world’s poor populace who live in rural areas is directly dependent on biodiversity for their livelihood. A rough estimate of 60 million indigenous folks are somehow reliant on forests for their daily needs. The Supreme Court of India in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh elucidated the importance of ecosystem services as provided by the forests.
In Stages of Capital, Ritu Birla brings research on nonwestern capitalisms into conversation with postcolonial studies to illuminate the historical roots of India’s market society. Between 1870 and 1930, the British regime in India implemented a barrage of commercial and contract laws directed at the “free” circulation of capital, including measures regulating companies, income tax, charitable gifting, and pension funds, and procedures distinguishing gambling from speculation and futures trading. Birla argues that this understudied legal infrastructure institutionalized a new object of sovereign management, the market, and along with it, a colonial concept of the public. In jurisprudence, case law, and statutes, colonial market governance enforced an abstract vision of modern society as a public of exchanging, contracting actors free from the anachronistic constraints of indigenous culture. Birla reveals how the categories of public and private infiltrated colonial commercial law, establishing distinct worlds for economic and cultural practice. This bifurcation was especially apparent in legal dilemmas concerning indigenous or “vernacular” capitalists, crucial engines of credit and production that operated through networks of extended kinship. Focusing on the story of the Marwaris, a powerful business group renowned as a key sector of India’s capitalist class, Birla demonstrates how colonial law governed vernacular capitalists as rarefied cultural actors, so rendering them illegitimate as economic agents. Birla’s innovative attention to the negotiations between vernacular and colonial systems of valuation illustrates how kinship-based commercial groups asserted their legitimacy by challenging and inhabiting the public/private mapping. Highlighting the cultural politics of market governance, Stages of Capital is an unprecedented history of colonial commercial law, its legal fictions, and the formation of the modern economic subject in India.
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