The SDN elaborates the case for, and the design of, a banking union for the euro area. It discusses the benefits and costs of a banking union, presents a steady state view of the banking union, elaborates difficult transition issues, and briefly discusses broader EU issues. As such, it assesses current plans and provides advice. It is accompanied by three background technical notes that analyze in depth the various elements of the banking union: a single supervisory framework; a single resolution and common safety net; and urgent issues related to repair of weak banks in Europe.
Tax concessions have been employed as a central component of the development strategy in the small island states comprising the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. This paper compares the costs of concessions in terms of revenues forgone with the benefits in terms of increased foreign direct investment. The costs are very large, while the benefits appear to be marginal at best. Forgone tax revenues range between 91⁄2 and 16 percent of GDP per year, whereas total foreign direct investment does not appear to depend on concessions. A rethinking of the use of concessions in the region is needed urgently.
On the current pace of reforms, global gender gaps are estimated to close, using deterministic (linear or log-linear) trends, over the next three centuries. This means that many women will likely not be able to fully use their abilities and talents, to the detriment of societies, for a long time. Yet this paper shows that, absent a significant step up in policy efforts, gender gaps may in fact never close. Using Markov chains, a common approach in macroeconomics, this paper analyzes the dynamics of the cross-country distribution of the gender gap in labor force participation. This methodology does not impose strong restrictions on the data, allowing for episodes of progress as well as regress by countries on gender inequality. Based on the experience of the past three decades, the analysis predicts a further narrowing of gender gaps over time. But the long-run distribution of gender gaps in labor force participation features a substantial share of countries with persistently large gaps, implying that—absent a strengthened and systematic policy effort—some of the current misallocation of women’s talents and abilities could persist perpetually.
This paper compares the pattern of macroeconomic volatility in 17 Latin American countries during episodes of high and low growth since 1970, examining in particular the role of policy volatility. Macroeconomic outcomes are distinguished from macroeconomic policies, structural reforms and reversals, shocks, and institutional constraints. Based on previous work, a composite measure of structural reforms is constructed for the 1970-2004 period. We find that outcomes and policies are more volatile in low growth episodes, while shocks (except U.S. interest rates) are similar across episodes. Fiscal policy volatility is associated with lower growth, but fiscal policy procyclicality is not. Low levels of market-oriented reforms and structural reform reversals are also associated with lower growth.
In this study, the authors assess financial sector development in the MENA regionand propose several policy measures, which include reinforcing the institutional environment and promoting nonbank financial sector development, to enhance this sector’s performance.
This note argues that the IMF is filling a critical gap by integrating gender issues into it work. It makes the case that (i) closing gender gaps is critical for economies because they lead to underdevelopment, underutilization, and misallocation of productive human resources; and (ii) applying a gender lens to macroeconomic, financial, and structural policy design can narrow gender gaps and result in improved economic outcomes. This Note complements this argument by providing an overview of gender gaps in opportunities, outcomes, and representation; taking stock of how these gaps impact macroeconomic and financial outcomes; and identifying which polices can narrow gender gaps. It explains how narrowing gender gaps can benefit societies and outline steps countries can take to unleash the economic gains from gender equality.
Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.
This book discusses the recent progress and advances in nanochemoprevention. Chemoprevention utilizes natural dietary compounds and has regained interest due to larger safety window and proven efficacy of such molecules in cancer treatments. Nanotechnology has revolutionized drug delivery through passive as well as active targeting. This book provides a comprehensive overview of phytochemical bioactives that are used in chemoprevention. It gives a comprehensive overview of the variety of natural molecules and types of nanoparticles as well as mechanistic aspects of their superior efficacy over plain drug molecules. The book concludes with summarizing the progress of pre-clinical results of developed formulations for cancer treatment using nano-chemoprevention.
Nanosized particles explored for therapeutics and diagnosis-related research areas need the latest updated information for budding researchers as well as academicians. Nanomedicine, nanotheranostics, and nanobiotechnology have been contemporary technological tools for diverse biomedical, pharmaceutical, and diagnostic solutions. The present book is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to exclusive book chapters related to nanomedicine such as its history, regulatory aspects, scale-up, and regulatory toxicology. Additionally, this section includes chapters focusing on the application domain of nanomedicine for targeted cancer therapy, rheumatoid arthritis management, psoriasis treatment, ocular delivery, topical applications, oral bioavailability enhancement, and pulmonary delivery. The second section is composed of chapters in the area of nanotheranostics and applications of nanobiotechnology. In brief, the latest topics such as gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and therapy, nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, carbon nanotubes for gene delivery, nanoparticles for vaccine delivery, nanobiotechnology in cell-based nanomedicines, nanotechnology in regenerative medicine, and nanocarriers in delivery of proteins and peptides are complied. KEY FEATURES A total of 26 emerging topics are covered in the book on cutting-edge research areas at the multi-disciplinary level. The chapters focus on fundamentals and applications, making the book attractive for beginners as well as experts. The chapters are written by well-known experts of the field in a simple scientific style with figures, schemes, and illustrations.
Sustainability Marketing: New directions and practices explores how a customer's desire for sustainable products can form a part of new marketing strategies. Sustainability Marketing provides solutions to scholars, marketers and decision makers aiming to gain an advantage in businesses where sustainability is increasingly prioritised.
Piperazine core has the unique structural feature which is widely exploited in medicinal chemistry. Substitution on piperazine provides a way to build library of compound which are bioactive. Bioactivity of piperazine core has been utilised in manufacturing of many classes of drugs which are commercially available. Structures of these drugs contain piperazine unit with either one side substitution or both, thus this small unit provide a unique way to builda huge library of compounds. Therapeutic action of these drugs provides significant breakthrough in providing the mechanism for prevention of fatal diseases. Here we present a few classes of drugs containing piperazine moiety and discussed their therapeutic action in the living system
This book provide useful information in the area of spinal infections, particularly with regard to those that receive delayed treatment. The book first deals with various spinal infections and their manifestations. It is strong in the areas of tuberculosis and the structural problems that ensue when spinal infections are not diagnosed and treated early. Structural diagrams are helpful. Apart from surgical techniques, adequate emphasis has been laid on clinical features, value of modern diagnostic facilities and appropriate drug therapy. This book will be a useful reference book with more infor.
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