This book investigates both the causes and effects of transnational activities among immigrants in relation to their integration into the receiving society. It uses large scale, representative data about first and second generation immigrants in Germany. It develops a formal theoretical model, which explains both transnational involvement and paths of immigrant integration. Important questions are answered: What consequences does transnational involvement have on integration? Is transnational involvement a distinct form of integration? Is it an alternative to assimilation? Does it hinder or facilitate assimilation? Longitudinal analyses are presented which show that immigrant integration and transnational involvement do not necessarily oppose each other. The book shows that although low levels of integration may coincide with strong transnational ties, the relationship is not causal. This book shows how immigrant integration and transnational involvement are related to each other and how a joint examination of both processes may advance our understanding of the general dynamics of migration and integration.
This translation brings a landmark systems engineering (SE) book to English-speaking audiences for the first time since its original publication in 1972. For decades the SE concept championed by this book has helped engineers solve a wide variety of issues by emphasizing a top-down approach. Moving from the general to the specific, this SE concept has situated itself as uniquely appealing to both highly trained experts and anybody managing a complex project. Until now, this SE concept has only been available to German speakers. By shedding the overtly technical approach adopted by many other SE methods, this book can be used as a problem-solving guide in a great variety of disciplines, engineering and otherwise. By segmenting the book into separate parts that build upon each other, the SE concept’s accessibility is reinforced. The basic principles of SE, problem solving, and systems design are helpfully introduced in the first three parts. Once the fundamentals are presented, specific case studies are covered in the fourth part to display potential applications. Then part five offers further suggestions on how to effectively practice SE principles; for example, it not only points out frequent stumbling blocks, but also the specific points at which they may appear. In the final part, a wealth of different methods and tools, such as optimization techniques, are given to help maximize the potential use of this SE concept. Engineers and engineering students from all disciplines will find this book extremely helpful in solving complex problems. Because of its practicable lessons in problem-solving, any professional facing a complex project will also find much to learn from this volume.
This is the first book which brings together the fields of theoretical and empirical studies in syntax on the one hand and the methodology of quantitative linguistics on the other hand. The author provides the theoretical background for this enterprise on the basis of the philosophy of science and of linguistic considerations including a discussion of Chomsky’s attitude against the application of statistical methods to syntactic phenomena. He gives a short introduction into the aims and methods of the quantitative approach to linguistics in general and to syntax in particular. The following chapters inform the reader about the measurement of syntactic properties, possibilities to acquire empirical data from syntactically annotated text corpora and the most common mathematical models and methods for the analysis of syntactic and syntagmatic material. Then, a number of prominent approaches and hypotheses about interrelations between properties of syntactic constructions are presented and evaluated on material from various languages and text kinds. Finally, the theory of synergetic linguistics and its application to syntax is introduced including the integration of such famous hypotheses as Yngve’s depth hypothesis and Hawkins’s "Early immediate constituent" principle. The book concludes with a number of perspectives with respect to follow-up studies and extensions to the presented models with interfaces to neighbouring disciplines.
The present volume presents objective methods to detect and analyse various forms of repetitions. Repetition of textual elements is more than a superficial phenomenon. It may even be considered as constitutive for units and relations in a text: on a primary level when no other way exists to establish a unit – as in a musical composition (a motif can be recognised as such only after at least one repetition) – and on a secondary, artistic level, where repetition is a consequence of the transfer of the equivalence principle from the paradigmatic axis to the syntagmatic one as showed by R. Jakobson. The analysis of repetitive elements and structures in texts with objective mathematical means can serve several practical and theoretical purposes, among them: Characterisation of texts by means of parameters (measures, indicators) as taken from established mathematical statistics or specifically constructed ones in individual cases. Comparison of texts on the basis of their quantitative characteristics and classification of the texts by the results. Research for the laws of text, which control the mechanisms connected to text creation. As a remote aim, the construction of a theory of text consisting of a system of text laws. The final attempt of every possible quantitative text analysis is the construction of a text theory. The book illustrates this on examples of such laws and corresponding empirical tests.
This book, which combines the features of an atlas and a textbook, presents findings in forensic histology, immunohistochemistry, and cytology based on microscopic investigations using different stainings and different antibodies. The principal aim is to provide practitioners with detailed information and guidance on how microscopy can help to clarify the cause of sudden and unexpected death. Many of the topics will be of interest not only to forensic pathologists but also to general pathologists, whether practitioners or researchers. Examples include the pathology of drug abuse, wound age determination, adverse drug reactions, histopathology of the sudden infant death syndrome, and age determination of myocardial infarction. Both typical and unusual findings are demonstrated with the aid of numerous high-quality color illustrations, and other key literature in forensic histology and immunohistochemistry is highlighted for each topic.
A fun and informative exploration of how the classic television series Bonanza differs from the reality of Virginia City, Nevada. In 1959, one hundred years after the big bonanza silver strike in Virginia City, the classic television series Bonanza made its debut and brought the small Nevada city to the forefront of households around the country, and into many parts of the world. The richest city in the world at the time of the Comstock Lode, Virginia City today might well be a ghost town if not for the fame spurred by Bonanza.The show was so popular that it went on to air for thirteen years and even spawned a theme park. Historical accuracy was of great import to Bonanza’s creator, but as the series evolved, it took on a life of its own beyond the boundaries of real-life Virginia City. In Virginia City vs Bonanza: A Tale of Merging Histories, Monette Bebow-Reinhard explores select history from the show’s legendary storylines and compares it to the real history of nineteenth-century Virginia City. Readers will learn why gambling is so prominent in Nevada, how Virginia City was not necessarily developed as a cattle town, and much more, ultimately understanding how and where Bonanza got its history right. Through her analysis of history versus fiction, Bebow-Reinhard emphasizes the impact television had on shaping how we remember the Old West. From the beginnings on Sun Mountain to the new technology created for Virginia City’s mines to keep up with the demands of the labor force—hungry for more wealth—Virginia City vs Bonanza examines the politics, the environmental damage, and the social and cultural settings that made Virginia City unique. Readers will witness it all: silver’s inevitable collapse, the advent of tourism, the natives, the diversity, the violence, and today, the fun. A must-read for fans of televisionand history alike.
“Much of life can be understood in rational terms if expressed in the language of chemistry. It is an international language, a language without dialects, a language for all time, a language that explains where we came from, what we are, and where the physical world will allow us to go. Chemical Language has great esthetic beauty and links the physical sciences to the b- logical sciences. ” from The Two Cultures: Chemistry and Biology by Arthur Kornberg (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, 1959) Over the past two centuries, chemistry has evolved from a relatively pure disciplinary pursuit to a position of central importance in the physical and life sciences. More generally, it has p- vided the language and methodology that has unified, integrated and, indeed, molecularized the sciences, shaping our understanding of the molecular world and in so doing the direction, development and destiny of scientific research. The “language of chemistry” referred to by my former Stanford colleague is made up of atoms and bonds and their interactions. It is a s- tem of knowledge that allows us to understand structure and events at a molecular level and increasingly to use that understanding to create new knowledge and beneficial change. The words on this page, for example, are detected by the eye in a series of events, now generally understood at the molecular level.
This second volume on Tineidae treats the subfamilies Myrmecozelinae, Perissomasticinae, Tineinae, Hieroxestinae, Teichobiinae and Stathmopolitinae of Europe. It presents information for the identification of 103 species of tineid moths. Information is added on the life history and distribution of each species. The distribution data are summarized in a table showing the records for each European country. 23 scientific names are synonymized and two taxa previously regarded as synonyms have proved to represent valid species. Additional records are listed for species treated in volume 7, as well as two taxa which were overlooked before and nine new species are listed.
To achieve the complex task of interpreting what we see, our brains rely on statistical regularities and patterns in visual data. Knowledge of these regularities can also be considerably useful in visual computing disciplines, such as computer vision, computer graphics, and image processing. The field of natural image statistics studies the regularities to exploit their potential and better understand human vision. With numerous color figures throughout, Image Statistics in Visual Computing covers all aspects of natural image statistics, from data collection to analysis to applications in computer graphics, computational photography, image processing, and art. The authors keep the material accessible, providing mathematical definitions where appropriate to help readers understand the transforms that highlight statistical regularities present in images. The book also describes patterns that arise once the images are transformed and gives examples of applications that have successfully used statistical regularities. Numerous references enable readers to easily look up more information about a specific concept or application. A supporting website also offers additional information, including descriptions of various image databases suitable for statistics. Collecting state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary knowledge in one source, this book explores the relation of natural image statistics to human vision and shows how natural image statistics can be applied to visual computing. It encourages readers in both academic and industrial settings to develop novel insights and applications in all disciplines that relate to visual computing.
At the center of this book lies a fundamental yet unanswered question: under which historical and sociological conditions and in what manner the Hebrew Bible became an authoritative tradition, that is, holy scripture and the canon of Judaism as well as Christianity. Reinhard G. Kratz answers this very question by distinguishing between historical and biblical Israel. This foundational and, for the arrangement of the book, crucial distinction affirms that the Israel of biblical tradition, i.e. the sacred history (historia sacra) of the Hebrew Bible, cannot simply be equated with the history of Israel and Judah. Thus, Kratz provides a synthesis of both the Israelite and Judahite history and the genesis and development of biblical tradition in two separate chapters, though each area depends directly and inevitably upon the other. These two distinct perspectives on Israel are then confronted and correlated in a third chapter, which constitutes an area intimately connected with the former but generally overlooked apart from specialized inquiries: those places and "archives" that either yielded Jewish documents and manuscripts (Elephantine, Al-Yahudu, Qumran) or are associated conspicuously with the tradition of the Hebrew Bible (Mount Gerizim, Jerusalem, Alexandria). Here, the various epigraphic and literary evidence for the history of Israel and Judah comes to the fore. Such evidence sometimes represents Israel's history; at other times it reflects its traditions; at still others it reflects both simultaneously. The different sources point to different types of Judean or Jewish identity in Persian and Hellenistic times.
1 Introduction 1. 1 General Remarks The connective and supportive tissues constitute a considerable amount of the biomass in human and animal organisms. Characteristically, the osseous, car- laginous, and ?brous tissues each connect a vital part (cells) with a non-vital part, i. e. , extracellular matrix (ECM). The composition of the ECM constitutes the mechanical qualities of the respective tissue. The functional role of the bone and cartilage tissues is exhaustively discussed in the relevant literature. Whereas bone tissue provides the static and dynamic stability of the system as a whole, cartilage tissue accounts for the power transfer between bones. The articular cartilage insures a fairly friction free mobility of skeletal elements; likewise, cartilage interposed between skeletal elements allows mobility due to its reversible deformability. Under both static and dynamic con- tions, the powers transferred are remarkably large, while the ensuing mechanical force on various tissue zones varies. Tight connective tissue, especially muscle tendons and ligaments, are also part of the skeletal power transfer system. facilitating the transfer of tensile forces. The tendons of the locomotor system serve the purpose of transferring muscular - ergy to those skeletal elements to which they are attached. In this function, they are referred to as tensile tendons (“Zugsehnen”). Inseveral body parts, however, tendons appear in a peculiar mechanical situation: they pass around so-called - pomochlia, i. e. , bony pulleys. Hence, these tendons are referred to as wrap-around tendons (“Gleitsehnen”).
A best-selling mechanistic organic chemistry text in Germany, this text's translation into English fills a long-existing need for a modern, thorough and accessible treatment of reaction mechanisms for students of organic chemistry at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. Knowledge of reaction mechanisms is essential to all applied areas of organic chemistry; this text fulfills that need by presenting the right material at the right level.
The integration of sustainability requires a paradigm shift in the lifecycle of buildings. By using the BIM method, aspects of sustainable construction can be increasingly integrated into processes and workflows. Information is captured consistently and in a structured way across the lifecycle and made available to all stakeholders. This Essential presents the current status quo of possible applications of the BIM method in sustainable construction. The aim is to promote a fusion of BIM and sustainability by highlighting essential requirements for BIM processes and models, workflows and their added value.
This book examines the circumstances under which a company needs restructuring, and for which companies that would be possible given the nature of the corporation and the economic viability. It discusses the criteria for judging whether a reorganization has been a success. Bork considers the legal mechanisms involved in restructuring including the extent to which the law provides the rules for a moratorium and the rights creditors may exercise over the debtor's assets. It also tackles the legal processes and how a reorganization can be commenced. The book includes analysis of the role of management and the partners or shareholders and the extent to which either legal system assigns the decision-making powers to the right persons. It considers how each regime deals with the assets involved and whether there are rules to reverse payments made during the crisis and the possibility of a set-off claim. Other aspects considered include special rules for terminating or modifying disadvantageous contracts including contracts of employment, and costs of restructuring procedures under given legal conditions. Providing a thorough consideration of the extent to which English and German company law (including the proposed changes to German law) enhances or limits the prospects of businesses seeking to reorganize, this work offers a valuable reference source for practitioners advising companies on where to base their restructuring and gives scholars further research material concerning the remaining issues in English and German restructuring law.
Buchkulturen greift Interessensgebiete Reinhard Wittmanns auf und erweitert diese um internationale Perspektiven. Ein erster Schwerpunkt wird gesetzt mit Beitragen zur Theorie und Methode der Buchwissenschaft, in denen die Bedeutung der kulturgeschichtlichen Grundierung, die zentrale Rolle der Kategorie der Offentlichkeit oder die Interdependenz von Kultur und Geld reflektiert werden. Neben den methodenkritischen Beitragen umfasst der Band eine Fulle von Analysen bislang ungenutzter Quellen: Exemplarische Studien setzen sich mit der Verbreitung spanischer Konsumliteratur der dreissiger Jahre auf dem deutschen Markt oder mit pikanten, obrigkeitlich uberwachten Schlusselromanen aus Versailles auseinander. Eine andere Facette reprasentiert der Nachdruck, der in einigen deutschen Territorien zum wirkungsvollsten Transportmittel fur die neueste Literatur wurde. Weitere Schwerpunkte setzen Themen zum literarischen Leben um 1800, vor allem aber zum 20. Jahrhundert: Das Spektrum der Studien reicht von der ideologischen Instrumentalisierung uber die politische Zensur bis zum Gedenken an mutigen Widerstand gegen Unterdruckung. Die kulturelle Vielfalt der Moderne spiegelt sich in den medialen Kontexten von Zeitschrift oder Film und im zeichenhaften Gebrauch von Buchern in der Hochkultur wie in der Alltagskultur. Schliesslich werden die Traditionen des Bewahrens und Buchersammelns vom 18. bis ins 20. Jahrhundert aufgezeigt. Der Sammelband integriert so in einem reprasentativen Querschnitt aktuelle buchwissenschaftliche Ansatze, von denen auf zukunftige Forschungen vielfaltige Impulse ausgehen konnen.
Questo volume complessivo, unico, dedicato alla Vita e al Pensiero di Karl-Otto Apel, raccoglie tutti i contributi usciti nei due numeri speciali di “Topologik” (numero 24/2019 e numero 26/2020) dedicati ad Apel (uno dei Maestri più importanti del pensiero filosofico contemporaneo). L’edizione, in volume unico, ha dato la possibilità di arricchire il testo con altre due collaborazioni (quella di Peter Naumann e Amos Nascimento). Il volume mantiene la struttura di una suddivisione in due sezioni: sezione Vita e sezione Pensiero. La prima sezione (Vita) raccoglie contributi che sono testimonianza di incontri, discussioni, riflessioni comuni con Karl-Otto Apel. L’aspetto teorico-filosofico e l’aspetto personale ridanno la freschezza e la profondità di queste testimonianze. Quanti hanno conosciuto e sono diventati anche amici di Apel hanno vissuto il logos filosofico nella sua ampiezza riflessiva in simbiosi con un uomo che, a parere di Habermas (l’altro Gigante, colonna portante della filosofia contemporanea), incorpora la stessa filosofia. Hanno vissuto la forza discorsiva di una personalità che ha fatto del dialogo la fonte instancabile della ricerca intersoggettiva. Vita e Pensiero non sono due sezioni separate e separabili, sono piuttosto la messa in evidenza che il filosofare vero si costituisce nell’unità, appunto, di Vita e Pensiero: nel vivere la filosofia. La seconda sezione (Pensiero) ‒ Molti sono, nel frattempo, gli studi internazionali sul pensiero di Karl-Otto Apel. La raccolta dei contributi e delle riflessioni che qui presentiamo è un esempio mondiale della vitalità e fruttuosità del pensiero di Karl-Otto Apel. Studiosi diversi, da angolazioni e prospettive tutt’altro che identiche, si confrontano criticamente con la pragmatica trascendentale di Apel, sia come proposta di possibilità di fondazione teoretica sia come piattaforma applicativa ai contesti reali della vita umana. Questo volume unitario presenta e rappresenta un dialogo filosofico serrato, ricco di riflessioni aggiuntive e alternative, a testimonianza delle motivazioni profonde che Karl-Otto Apel, con la sua trasformazione trascendentalpragmatica della filosofia occidentale, ha saputo suscitare mondialmente. L’etica del discorso, nella sua forma, qui, riflessiva, pragmatica, trascendentale, ermeneutica, semiotica, non è solo un modo nuovo e originale di concepire la filosofia dell’Occidente, nella sua trasformazione in terzo paradigma della filosofia prima; l’etica del discorso è, anche e per lo più, un pensare filosofico radicale di riappropriazione dei propri presupposti (anche linguistici) fin nelle loro radici normative (performative), se non emancipative, per una pragmatica etica che reclama, per un verso, fondamento (discorsivo) e universalità, possibilmente (intersoggettiva), per altro verso, capacità di applicazione nei contesti anche dell’economia (globalizzata), del diritto dei Popoli e delle Culture. La filosofia, così concepita, non è ovviamente solo critica al concetto, piuttosto una discorsività in cerca di significato, comprensione, senso che coinvolga la prassi attraverso un dialogo esteso a tutti i popoli.
The integration of sustainability requires a paradigm shift in the lifecycle of buildings. By using the BIM method, aspects of sustainable construction can be increasingly integrated into processes and workflows. Information is captured consistently and in a structured way across the lifecycle and made available to all stakeholders. This Essential presents the current status quo of possible applications of the BIM method in sustainable construction. The aim is to promote a fusion of BIM and sustainability by highlighting essential requirements for BIM processes and models, workflows and their added value.
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