Houben-Weyl is the acclaimed reference series for preparative methods in organic chemistry, in which all methods are organized accor ding to the class of compound or functional group to be synthesized. The Houben-Weyl volumes contain 146 000 product-specific experi mental procedures, 580 000 structures, and 700 000 references. The preparative significance of the methods for all classes of compou nds is critically evaluated. The series includes data from as far back as the early 1800s to 2003. // The content of this e-book was originally published in .
The present volume is the fifth and for the present moment last in a series of volumes on organotitanium compounds. It covers the literature to the end of 1987. The volume continues the treatment of titanium compounds with the dinuclear and polynuclear complexes. The main part of this volume deals with the dinuclear complexes and therein (+-C5H5)2TiCl 2 is the most frequently described compound. Another key compound in this volume is the presumably oligomeric +-C5H5TiCl2 n. This volume also deals with different "titanocenes" de- scribed in the literature. There are also well-defined tri- and tetranuclear compounds, one penta- and a few hexanuclear compounds. "Black titanocene" is described together with the oligonuclear compounds. Polymers containing (+-C5H5)2TiIV units conclude this volume. As in the preceding volumes of this series, compounds of debatable existence and postulated reaction intermediates are included for completeness. A Formula Index and a Ligand Formula Index for this volume are included.
The present volume is the fifth and for the present moment last in a series of volumes on organotitanium compounds. It covers the literature to the end of 1987. The volume continues the treatment of titanium compounds with the dinuclear and polynuclear complexes. The main part of this volume deals with the dinuclear complexes and therein (+-C5H5)2TiCl 2 is the most frequently described compound. Another key compound in this volume is the presumably oligomeric +-C5H5TiCl2 n. This volume also deals with different "titanocenes" de- scribed in the literature. There are also well-defined tri- and tetranuclear compounds, one penta- and a few hexanuclear compounds. "Black titanocene" is described together with the oligonuclear compounds. Polymers containing (+-C5H5)2TiIV units conclude this volume. As in the preceding volumes of this series, compounds of debatable existence and postulated reaction intermediates are included for completeness. A Formula Index and a Ligand Formula Index for this volume are included.
Multiple Sclerosis 3 emphasizes the latest in the pharmacologic treatment of this incurable inflammatory demyelinating disorder. Primary editors Claudia Lucchinetti, MD, and Reinhard Hohlfeld, MD, with the aid of all new contributors, present a complete and current reference on multiple sclerosis that includes discussions of such hot topics as Biomarkers, Genomics, and Surrogate Outcomes in MS; Pediatric MS; Transverse Myelitis; Attack Therapies in MS; Current Disease-Modifying Therapeutic Strategies in MS; Management of Aggressive MS; Symptomatic Therapies in MS; Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies; and Strategies to Promote Neuroprotection and Repair. Distinguish between MS and other similar demyelinating disorders and know the best and most aggressive methods of treatment. This title in the Blue Books of Neurology series is exactly what you need to treat the disease and its relapses. Covers the latest clinical advances and relevant discussions—Biomarkers, Genomics, and Surrogate Outcomes in MS; Pediatric MS; Transverse Myelitis; Attack Therapies in MS; Current Disease-Modifying Therapeutic Strategies in MS; Management of Aggressive MS; Symptomatic Therapies in MS; Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies; and Strategies to Promote Neuroprotection and Repair—to bring you up to date and keep your practice state-of-the-art. Features a greater emphasis on practical management to help you determine the type of multiple sclerosis and the best course of therapy. Focuses on pharmaceutical therapies so you know the best and most aggressive methods and which drugs to use for treatment. Includes extensive information on differential diagnosis so that you can clearly distinguish between multiple sclerosis and other similar demyelinating disorders. Presents expert new editors and experienced contributing authors for the most current and relevant practice information. Emphasizes the pharmacologic management of patients with multiple sclerosis to address treating the actual disease and its relapses as well as treating the symptoms.
At the center of this book lies a fundamental yet unanswered question: under which historical and sociological conditions and in what manner the Hebrew Bible became an authoritative tradition, that is, holy scripture and the canon of Judaism as well as Christianity. Reinhard G. Kratz answers this very question by distinguishing between historical and biblical Israel. This foundational and, for the arrangement of the book, crucial distinction affirms that the Israel of biblical tradition, i.e. the sacred history (historia sacra) of the Hebrew Bible, cannot simply be equated with the history of Israel and Judah. Thus, Kratz provides a synthesis of both the Israelite and Judahite history and the genesis and development of biblical tradition in two separate chapters, though each area depends directly and inevitably upon the other. These two distinct perspectives on Israel are then confronted and correlated in a third chapter, which constitutes an area intimately connected with the former but generally overlooked apart from specialized inquiries: those places and "archives" that either yielded Jewish documents and manuscripts (Elephantine, Al-Yahudu, Qumran) or are associated conspicuously with the tradition of the Hebrew Bible (Mount Gerizim, Jerusalem, Alexandria). Here, the various epigraphic and literary evidence for the history of Israel and Judah comes to the fore. Such evidence sometimes represents Israel's history; at other times it reflects its traditions; at still others it reflects both simultaneously. The different sources point to different types of Judean or Jewish identity in Persian and Hellenistic times.
The emigration of mathematicians from Europe during the Nazi era signaled an irrevocable and important historical shift for the international mathematics world. Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany is the first thoroughly documented account of this exodus. In this greatly expanded translation of the 1998 German edition, Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze describes the flight of more than 140 mathematicians, their reasons for leaving, the political and economic issues involved, the reception of these emigrants by various countries, and the emigrants' continuing contributions to mathematics. The influx of these brilliant thinkers to other nations profoundly reconfigured the mathematics world and vaulted the United States into a new leadership role in mathematics research. Based on archival sources that have never been examined before, the book discusses the preeminent emigrant mathematicians of the period, including Emmy Noether, John von Neumann, Hermann Weyl, and many others. The author explores the mechanisms of the expulsion of mathematicians from Germany, the emigrants' acculturation to their new host countries, and the fates of those mathematicians forced to stay behind. The book reveals the alienation and solidarity of the emigrants, and investigates the global development of mathematics as a consequence of their radical migration. An in-depth yet accessible look at mathematics both as a scientific enterprise and human endeavor, Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany provides a vivid picture of a critical chapter in the history of international science.
Photodissociation induced by the absorption of single photons permits the detailed study of molecular dynamics such as the breaking of bonds, internal energy transfer and radiationless transitions. The availability of powerful lasers operating over a wide frequency range has stimulated rapid development of new experimental techniques which make it possible to analyse photodissociation processes in unprecedented detail. This text elucidates the achievements in calculating photodissociation cross-sections and fragment state distributions from first principles, starting from multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces and the Schrödinger equation of nuclear motion. Following an extended introduction in which the various types of observables are outlined, the book summarises the basic theoretical tools, namely the time-independent and the time-dependent quantum mechanical approaches as well as the classical picture of photodissociation. The discussions of absorption spectra, diffuse vibrational structures, the vibrational and rotational state distributions of the photofragments form the core of the book. More specific topics such as the dissociation of vibrationally excited molecules, emission during dissociation, or nonadiabatic effects are also discussed. It will be of interest to graduate students and senior scientists working in molecular physics, spectroscopy, molecular collisions and molecular kinetics.
Most people associate the term "Samaritan" exclusively with the New Testament stories about the Good Samaritan and the Samaritan woman at Jacob's well. Very few are aware that a small community of about 750 Samaritans still lives today in Palestine and Israel; they view themselves as the true Israelites, having resided in their birthplace for thousands of years and preserving unchanged the revelation given to Moses in the Torah. Reinhard Pummer, one of the world's foremost experts on Samaritanism, offers in this book a comprehensive introduction to the people identified as Samaritans in both biblical and nonbiblical sources. Besides analyzing the literary, epigraphic, and archaeological sources, he examines the Samaritans' history, their geographical distribution, their version of the Pentateuch, their rituals and customs, and their situation today.
The wealth of insights into the brain’s functioning gained by neuroscience in recent years led to the development of new possibilities for intervening in the brain such as neurotransplantation, neural prostheses and brain stimulation techniques. Moreover, new and safer classes of psychopharmaceutical drugs lend themselves to neuroenhancement applications, i.e. they could be used to enhance cognitive capacities or emotional well-being without therapeutic need. This book offers extensive state-of-the-art accounts for these novel kinds of intervention, indicates future developments, and discusses the relevant philosophical, ethical and legal issues.
Chronic conditions and diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Europe, accounting for 86% of total premature deaths, and research suggests that complex conditions such as diabetes and depression will impose an even greater health burden in the future - and not only for the rich and elderly in high-income countries, but increasingly for the poor as well as low- and middle-income countries. The epidemiologic and economic analyses in the first part of the book suggest that policy-makers should make chronic disease a priority. This book highlights the issues and focuses on the strategies and interventions that policy-makers have at their disposal to tackle this increasing challenge. Strategic discussed in the second part of this volume include (1) prevention and early detection, (2) new provider qualifications (e.g. nurse practitioners) and settings, (3) disease management programmes and (4) integrated care models. But choosing the right strategies will be difficult, particularly given the limited evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. In the third part, the book therefore outlines and discusses institutional and organizational challenges for policy-makers and managers: (1) stimulating the development of new effective pharmaceuticals and medical devices, (2) designing appropriate financial incentives, (3) improving coordination, (4) using information and communication technology, and (5) ensuring evaluation. To tackle these challenges successfully, key policy recommendations are made.
This book, which combines the features of an atlas and a textbook, presents findings in forensic histology, immunohistochemistry, and cytology based on microscopic investigations using different stainings and different antibodies. The principal aim is to provide practitioners with detailed information and guidance on how microscopy can help to clarify the cause of sudden and unexpected death. Many of the topics will be of interest not only to forensic pathologists but also to general pathologists, whether practitioners or researchers. Examples include the pathology of drug abuse, wound age determination, adverse drug reactions, histopathology of the sudden infant death syndrome, and age determination of myocardial infarction. Both typical and unusual findings are demonstrated with the aid of numerous high-quality color illustrations, and other key literature in forensic histology and immunohistochemistry is highlighted for each topic.
This volume deals with binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds having two, three, or more nitrogen atoms (with the exception of hydrazine) and with compounds composed of nitrogen, hydrogen, and noble gases. The important species containing two nitrogen atoms, N2H, N2H+, N2H2, and N2H3 are described in the first part of this volume. Next, chains and cycles consisting of three nitrogen atoms are covered. Among them hydrogen azide or hydrozoic acid, HN3, is the most extensively studied nitrogen-hydrogen compound described in this volume. With increasing number of nitrogen atoms, the thermochmical stability declines. There is, however, a considerable amount of information on molecules with up to nine linked nitrogen atoms. Several of these binary nitrogen-hydrogen compounds could only be isolated in the form of organic derivatives. In that case, data available for the organic derivatives were included if they were characteristic for the particular unsubstituted N-H parent compound.
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