Leaf Cell and Hierarchical Compaction Techniques presents novel algorithms developed for the compaction of large layouts. These algorithms have been implemented as part of a system that has been used on many industrial designs. The focus of Leaf Cell and Hierarchical Compaction Techniques is three-fold. First, new ideas for compaction of leaf cells are presented. These cells can range from small transistor-level layouts to very large layouts generated by automatic Place and Route tools. Second, new approaches for hierarchical pitchmatching compaction are described and the concept of a Minimum Design is introduced. The system for hierarchical compaction is built on top of the leaf cell compaction engine and uses the algorithms implemented for leaf cell compaction in a modular fashion. Third, a new representation for designs called Virtual Interface, which allows for efficient topological specification and representation of hierarchical layouts, is outlined. The Virtual Interface representation binds all of the algorithms and their implementations for leaf and hierarchical compaction into an intuitive and easy-to-use system. From the Foreword: `...In this book, the authors provide a comprehensive approach to compaction based on carefully conceived abstractions. They describe the design of algorithms that provide true hierarchical compaction based on linear programming, but cut down the complexity of the computations through introduction of innovative representations that capture the provably minimum amount of required information needed for correct compaction. In most compaction algorithms, the complexity goes up with the number of design objects, but in this approach, complexity is due to the irregularity of the design, and hence is often tractable for most designs which incorporate substantial regularity. Here the reader will find an elegant treatment of the many challenges of compaction, and a clear conceptual focus that provides a unified approach to all aspects of the compaction task...' Jonathan Allen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Leaf Cell and Hierarchical Compaction Techniques presents novel algorithms developed for the compaction of large layouts. These algorithms have been implemented as part of a system that has been used on many industrial designs. The focus of Leaf Cell and Hierarchical Compaction Techniques is three-fold. First, new ideas for compaction of leaf cells are presented. These cells can range from small transistor-level layouts to very large layouts generated by automatic Place and Route tools. Second, new approaches for hierarchical pitchmatching compaction are described and the concept of a Minimum Design is introduced. The system for hierarchical compaction is built on top of the leaf cell compaction engine and uses the algorithms implemented for leaf cell compaction in a modular fashion. Third, a new representation for designs called Virtual Interface, which allows for efficient topological specification and representation of hierarchical layouts, is outlined. The Virtual Interface representation binds all of the algorithms and their implementations for leaf and hierarchical compaction into an intuitive and easy-to-use system. From the Foreword: `...In this book, the authors provide a comprehensive approach to compaction based on carefully conceived abstractions. They describe the design of algorithms that provide true hierarchical compaction based on linear programming, but cut down the complexity of the computations through introduction of innovative representations that capture the provably minimum amount of required information needed for correct compaction. In most compaction algorithms, the complexity goes up with the number of design objects, but in this approach, complexity is due to the irregularity of the design, and hence is often tractable for most designs which incorporate substantial regularity. Here the reader will find an elegant treatment of the many challenges of compaction, and a clear conceptual focus that provides a unified approach to all aspects of the compaction task...' Jonathan Allen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The US–India nuclear deal, popularly known as the 123 Agreement, announced by George W. Bush and Manmohan Singh on 18 July 2005, was a defining moment in the relationship of the two countries, as also India’s relationship with the non-proliferation regime. The Bush administration’s implied recognition of India’s nuclear weapons, and its abrupt reversal of three decades of sanctions to restore Indian access to nuclear fuel, reactors, and dual-use technologies despite being a non-proliferation treaty non-signatory, led to contentious debates in both India and the USA. A Debate to Remember emphasizes the multifaceted debate in India over the nuclear deal using concepts from science and technology studies. It focuses on the intense contestation over the civil-military mix of India’s separation plan, the competition between the Iran–Pakistan–India pipeline and the nuclear deal, the role of retired nuclear scientists, and the issue of liability that has stalled the full implementation of the nuclear deal. The impact of domestic factors on issues ranging from the civil-military status of breeder reactors to the Indian insistence on no restriction on future nuclear testing in the 123 Agreement is also revealed in this book.
The book ‘’Honour system in the Republic of India’’ comprises different kinds of awards and their ceremonies viz. Civilian (Bharat Ratna) and Military awards (PVC,MVC & VR) and different kinds of Padma awards are one of the highest civilian awards of India awarded annually on the eve of Republic day on 26th January annually. Military awards comprises Param Vir Chakra India’s highest military decoration gallantry award, Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakra being the second and third India’s highest military decoration awards and many more . The book also comprises other awards in relation to wartime gallantry awards and Peacetime gallantry awards, along with other sports awards like Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards, Ena medal, noble peace prize and many more to be distributed at the eve of Republic of India.. Worthy readers are requested to go through the book and get the maximum to widen their knowledge.
This book begins with an introduction of nanobiotechnology, followed by biosyntheses of AgNPs, development of silver/chitosan (Ag/CS) polymer nanocomposites, synthesis of silver/chitosan-g-poly acrylamide (Ag/CS-g-PAAm) nanocomposite hydrogel and silver/chitosan/poly vinyl chloride (Ag/CS/PVC) blend. Finally, it presents novel bioengineering of polyfunctional metallic nanostructures other than Ag, emphasizing biomass utilization and value-added conversion over an extended span, including life cycle assessment of the synthesized nanostructures. Features: Includes prospective cost effective, eco-friendly, and safe nanomaterials, synthesized through facile paths Covers the synergistic effect of phytochemicals and nano-Ag antimicrobial agents from an antiviral perspective Includes surface coating systems and super absorbent materials for biomedical purposes Examines nanobiotechnological applications for generating nanoalloys with synchronized nanostructural arrangement of alkaline earth metals and nanoscale dots of transition metals Explores the life cycle assessment of synthesized nanomaterials This book aims at researchers and graduate students in biomaterials, chemical engineering, green chemistry, nanomaterials, and biotechnology.
The book records the essential discoveries of mathematical and computational scientists in chronological order, following the birth of ideas on the basis of prior ideas ad infinitum. The authors document the winding path of mathematical scholarship throughout history, and most importantly, the thought process of each individual that resulted in the mastery of their subject. The book implicitly addresses the nature and character of every scientist as one tries to understand their visible actions in both adverse and congenial environments. The authors hope that this will enable the reader to understand their mode of thinking, and perhaps even to emulate their virtues in life.
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