This report analyzes the use of the civil justice system to decide the allocation of public services, in particular the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act. The authors found there were three effects of using civil justice procedures to allocate educational services: (1) effects on the courts are slight; (2) effects on school systems are real but limited; and (3) effects on handicapped children are positive--but some, especially those whose parents are willing to threaten litigation, benefit far more than others. The most important finding of the study is that the introduction of civil justice procedures has had an enormous effect on local school policy, despite the low volume of litigation. The authors drew two conclusions regarding the use of the civil justice system to decide the allocation of public services: (1) thanks to the introduction of civil justice methods, PL-94-142 is applied with far more rigorous attention to the rights and duties of school personnel and beneficiaries than are other federal education programs; and (2) despite the optimistic conclusions, the findings do not necessarily warrant the extension of civil justice procedures to other areas of local educational policy.
Save the World Air (STWA) has developed magnet-based devices, including its Zero Emission Fuel Saver (ZEFS), that it claims can improve vehicle fuel economy and reduce emissions. These devices are designed to be fitted as original equipment onto internal combustion engines or to be retrofitted onto existing engines. STWA asked the RAND Corporation to help develop a plan for assessing the technical basis required for successful commercialization of ZEFS. STWA also sought RAND's advice in examining potential market opportunities for ZEFS. This report summarizes RAND's analysis of these two issues, concluding the following. Application of magnetic fields has not been shown in the literature to lower the viscosity of automotive fuels. Along with empirical testing, establishing a theoretical basis underlying the effect of magnetic fields on fuel viscosity, surface tension, and atomization might provide useful information for developing and evaluating magnetic field-based fuel treatment devices. So far, the test results for use of the device are, at best, mixed. Should further laboratory analysis and in-use testing provide clearer and more positive outcomes, the market potential for the device will depend significantly on the advances realized from other technologies and regulatory policies and on its cost-effectiveness relative to other outcomes.
A “provocative [and] compelling” look at how we can achieve both economic growth and environmental sustainability (Columbus Dispatch). A venture capitalist, entrepreneur, and engineer, Tom Rand looks to contemporary psychology, economics, business, and finance to explain our difficulty in confronting one of the most fundamental problems of our time. Rand’s account doesn’t just point fingers at the bad guys, but goes deeper—to our motivations, institutional lethargy, and deeply buried assumptions about market economics. Waking the Frog reveals that our ingenuity, technology, capital, and policy can work together to turn down the heat—and at the same time enable the largest economic opportunity of the twenty-first century. “There are a plethora of books on climate disruption. Read this one. Waking the Frog has breadth, science, practice, enterprise, and vision.” —Paul Hawken, author of Blessed Unrest
This monograph serves as a technical source for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) incident commander guidelines for emergency response immediately following large structural collapse events. It gives guidelines for personal protective equipment (PPE), focusing on required modifications to responders' typical PPE ensembles because of the duration of response and the need to prevent exposures to likely hazards from pathogens, airborne dusts, and gaseous hazardous materials.
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