Project Report from the year 2009 in the subject Engineering - General, grade: Bachelor of Technology, , language: English, abstract: In this study an attempt was made to analyse the fruit arrival and price patterns in a wholesale fruit market (Haldwani Mandi) for trend and seasonality in order to develop forecasting models for the fruit arrival process so as to rationalize an important input to fruit mandi system design. Historical time series data on monthly arrivals and average monthly prices was collected from the Haldwani mandi records for the period January, 1990 to April, 2009. Arrivals and prices of five fruits (Mango, Banana, Apple, Peach and Orange) were considered. A program in MATLAB 7.0 was developed for trend and seasonal analysis. For forecasting, these trend models were extended and seasonal index were applied for each month. Forecasting models were developed on the basis of first 204 months (January 1990 to December 2006) data using time series analysis technique. Forecasts were generated for the next 36 months (January 2007 to December 2009). These forecasts were compared with the actual arrivals for January 2007 to April 2009. Results of the present investigation have shown that arrival of Apple was observed in the month of July, Banana arrived maximum in October, whereas Mango, Orange and Peach recorded maximum arrival in the months of July, April and May respectively. Seasonal indices corresponding to these peak arrivals were 626.66, 136.29, 876.06, 371.17 and 439.89 respectively. In the case of Apple, arrivals and prices were inversely correlated; i.e., prices were low during peak arrival. However, in the case of banana, there was very little correlation; one major reason for this seems to be that the prices of Banana did not vary throughout the year. There was a increasing trend in the case of prices. In the trend analysis, it was observed that the arrival of Apple and Orange had a decreasing trend for the years under analysis, whereas Mango and Banana had an increasing trend for this period. The monthly arrival of Peach almost remained the same. Future forecasts were developed for the monthly arrival and average monthly prices of these selected commodities. Maximum error for each forecast was calculated on the basis of peak arrival/ prices in a year and maximum error was obtained as 26.89% in forecasting the arrival of Apple.
Scientific Study from the year 2015 in the subject Engineering - General, , language: English, abstract: Green Bitter gourds (Momordica charantia L.) belong to ‘cucurbitacceae’ family and are commonly called as bitter gourd, papailla, karalla, balsam apple and balsam pear etc. in different part of the world Bitter gourd contains an array of biologically active plant chemicals including triterpenes, protein and steroids. Bitter gourd have extremely low amount of calories but have a lot of valuable nutrients. In India, bitter gourd stored in the dried form. The indigenous practice is to dry the sliced vegetable in sun during October-November and used up to the month of May. However, the quality of the dried product is rather poor. Experiment were conducted in TNAU fluidized bed dryer to study the drying characteristic of green bitter gourd slices at five level of temperature (50,55,60,65,700C), five level of sample (100,125,150,175,200 g) and three level of air velocity (1.5,2,2.5 m/sec). Bitter gourd slice was dried in hot air dryer. Moisture loss data were recorded periodically at an interval of five minutes for the first forty minutes and consequently fifteen minutes intervals. Quality characteristics of bitter gourd slice were determined in terms of rehydration ratio, color, ash content. The data were analyzed to study drying characteristics of a bitter gourd. The effect of various factors was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Second order model was fitted in the responses and independent variables using regression analysis. The drying behaviour of Bitter gourd was mathematically analyzed using Page’s, Logarithmic and Exponential models. The goodness of fit of the model was tested using coefficient of determination (R2),and standard error of estimate (SEE). The effect of drying temperature, air velocity, sample weight and their interactions were significant on drying time at 5% level of significance. Logarithmic model was found to describe the drying behaviour of Bitter gourd better as compared to Page’s and Exponential model. The optimum level of independent variable for drying of green gourd obtained by using numerical optimization of multiple responses viz, drying time, dehydration ratio, ash content, and color were temperature of 550C ,velocity 2.5m/sec sample size of 100g. These optimum values are recommended for drying of Bitter gourd.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Development Sector organizations 1.2 Training Needs — Not-for-Profit Organizations’ Perspective 1.3 Operational defamation of training variables under study 1.5. Research Methodology 27 1.6. Limitations of the study 38 1.7. Outline of the Study 39 CHAPTER II THE VIGNETTE OF INDIA 2.1. Introduction 42 2.2 Theoretical foundations of Training 42 2.3 Training in Not-for-Profit Organizations 48 2.4 Summary and research gap 59 CHAPTER III RESPONDENTS: PROFILE AND OPINION ON ISSUES RELATED TO TRAINING 3.1. Introduction 60 3.2. Demographic profile of Respondents 60 3.3 Frequency distribution of training practices and issues related to Training 69 CHAPTER IV ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STATUS OF TRAINING AND OTHER DEMOGRAPHICS OF RESPONDENTS CHAPTER V PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS TRAINING PRACTICES IN DEVELOPMENT SECTOR CHAPTER VI COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Scientific Study from the year 2015 in the subject Engineering - General, , language: English, abstract: Green Bitter gourds (Momordica charantia L.) belong to ‘cucurbitacceae’ family and are commonly called as bitter gourd, papailla, karalla, balsam apple and balsam pear etc. in different part of the world Bitter gourd contains an array of biologically active plant chemicals including triterpenes, protein and steroids. Bitter gourd have extremely low amount of calories but have a lot of valuable nutrients. In India, bitter gourd stored in the dried form. The indigenous practice is to dry the sliced vegetable in sun during October-November and used up to the month of May. However, the quality of the dried product is rather poor. Experiment were conducted in TNAU fluidized bed dryer to study the drying characteristic of green bitter gourd slices at five level of temperature (50,55,60,65,700C), five level of sample (100,125,150,175,200 g) and three level of air velocity (1.5,2,2.5 m/sec). Bitter gourd slice was dried in hot air dryer. Moisture loss data were recorded periodically at an interval of five minutes for the first forty minutes and consequently fifteen minutes intervals. Quality characteristics of bitter gourd slice were determined in terms of rehydration ratio, color, ash content. The data were analyzed to study drying characteristics of a bitter gourd. The effect of various factors was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Second order model was fitted in the responses and independent variables using regression analysis. The drying behaviour of Bitter gourd was mathematically analyzed using Page’s, Logarithmic and Exponential models. The goodness of fit of the model was tested using coefficient of determination (R2),and standard error of estimate (SEE). The effect of drying temperature, air velocity, sample weight and their interactions were significant on drying time at 5% level of significance. Logarithmic model was found to describe the drying behaviour of Bitter gourd better as compared to Page’s and Exponential model. The optimum level of independent variable for drying of green gourd obtained by using numerical optimization of multiple responses viz, drying time, dehydration ratio, ash content, and color were temperature of 550C ,velocity 2.5m/sec sample size of 100g. These optimum values are recommended for drying of Bitter gourd.
Project Report from the year 2009 in the subject Engineering - General, grade: Bachelor of Technology, , language: English, abstract: In this study an attempt was made to analyse the fruit arrival and price patterns in a wholesale fruit market (Haldwani Mandi) for trend and seasonality in order to develop forecasting models for the fruit arrival process so as to rationalize an important input to fruit mandi system design. Historical time series data on monthly arrivals and average monthly prices was collected from the Haldwani mandi records for the period January, 1990 to April, 2009. Arrivals and prices of five fruits (Mango, Banana, Apple, Peach and Orange) were considered. A program in MATLAB 7.0 was developed for trend and seasonal analysis. For forecasting, these trend models were extended and seasonal index were applied for each month. Forecasting models were developed on the basis of first 204 months (January 1990 to December 2006) data using time series analysis technique. Forecasts were generated for the next 36 months (January 2007 to December 2009). These forecasts were compared with the actual arrivals for January 2007 to April 2009. Results of the present investigation have shown that arrival of Apple was observed in the month of July, Banana arrived maximum in October, whereas Mango, Orange and Peach recorded maximum arrival in the months of July, April and May respectively. Seasonal indices corresponding to these peak arrivals were 626.66, 136.29, 876.06, 371.17 and 439.89 respectively. In the case of Apple, arrivals and prices were inversely correlated; i.e., prices were low during peak arrival. However, in the case of banana, there was very little correlation; one major reason for this seems to be that the prices of Banana did not vary throughout the year. There was a increasing trend in the case of prices. In the trend analysis, it was observed that the arrival of Apple and Orange had a decreasing trend for the years under analysis, whereas Mango and Banana had an increasing trend for this period. The monthly arrival of Peach almost remained the same. Future forecasts were developed for the monthly arrival and average monthly prices of these selected commodities. Maximum error for each forecast was calculated on the basis of peak arrival/ prices in a year and maximum error was obtained as 26.89% in forecasting the arrival of Apple.
The present book “Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights“ elaborates principles of biodiversity right from definitions and concepts to strategies for conservation of biodiversity. It also explains the roles and functions of international organizations like CBD in biodiversity conservation. The unique feature of this book is it connects biodiversity, traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Different aspects of biodiversity related traditional knowledge and international initiatives undertaken to protect the rights of traditional knowledge holders are discussed.
Cratons and Fold Belts of India, is a unique attempt at presenting geological characteristics and evolution of the fold belts and the cratonic areas of the Indian shield. The author has evaluated the different evolutionary models for each fold belt in light of all the currently available geological and geochronological informations that are clearly listed. Shortcomings, if any, of each model are stated and a viable geodynamic model is presented for each fold belt. The book is self-contained – it includes an introduction to the processes of mountain building, especially plate tectonics theory with its application to the evolution of the Himalaya as an illustrative example – so that the reader can better appreciate the novel approach to the evolution of Proterozoic fold belts. The author eschews a detailed account of the fold belts for a clear description of all the concepts that go into building models. It is primarily written for graduate students, teachers and for those geoscientists who aspire to know all about the Indian shield.
The book covers various methods of characterization of advanced materials commonly used in engineering including understanding of the working principle and applicability of devices. It explores the techniques implemented for advanced materials like superalloys, thin films, powders, nanocomposites, polymers, shape memory alloys, high entropy alloys, and so on. Major instruments covered include X-ray diffraction, near-field scanning optical microscopy Raman, X-ray photospectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrosphotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, profilometer, and thermogravimetric analysis. Features: Covers material characterization techniques and the development of advanced characterization technology Includes multiple length scale characterization approaches for a large variety of materials, from nano- to micron-scale, as well as their constraints Discusses advanced material characterization technology in the microstructural and property characterization fields Reviews both practical and theoretical explanations of approaches for characterizing microstructure and properties Offers fundamentals, basic instrumentation details, experimental approaches, analyses, and applications with case studies This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in materials science and engineering.
Covers the structurally diverse secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, including their ethnopharmacological properties, biological activity, and production strategies Secondary metabolites of plants are a treasure trove of novel compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications. Consequently, the nature of these metabolites as well as strategies for the targeted expression and/or purification is of high interest. Regarding their biological and pharmacological activity and ethnopharmacological properties, this book offers a comprehensive treatment of 100 plant species, including Abutilon, Aloe, Cannabis, Capsicum, Jasminum, Malva, Phyllanthus, Stellaria, Thymus, Vitis, Zingiber, and more. It also discusses the cell culture conditions and various strategies used for enhancing the production of targeted metabolites in plant cell cultures. Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants: Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies is presented in four parts. Part I provides a complete introduction to the subject. Part II looks at the ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties, chemical structures, and culture conditions of secondary metabolites. The third part examines the many strategies of secondary metabolites production, including: biotransformation; culture conditions; feeding of precursors; genetic transformation; immobilization; and oxygenation. The last section concludes with an overview of everything learned. -Provides information on cell culture conditions and targeted extraction of secondary metabolites confirmed by relevant literature -Presents the structures of secondary metabolites of 100 plant species together with their biological and pharmacological activity -Discusses plant species regarding their distribution, habitat, and ethnopharmacalogical properties -Presents strategies of secondary metabolites production, such as organ culture, pH, elicitation, hairy root cultures, light, and mutagenesis Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants is an important book for students, professionals, and biotechnologists interested in the biological and pharmacological activity and ethnopharmacological properties of plants.
This reference text will benefit readers in enhancing their understanding of the recent technologies, protocols, and challenges in various stages of development of wireless communication and networking. The text discusses the cellular concepts of 4G, 5G, and 6G along with their challenges. It covers topics related to vehicular technology, wherein vehicles communicate with the traffic and the environment around them using short-range wireless signals. The text comprehensively covers important topics including use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in wireless communication, architecture, and protocols. It further covers the role of smart antennas in emerging wireless technologies. The book Discusses advanced techniques used in the field of wireless communication. Covers technologies including network slicing, 5G wireless communication, and TV white space technology. Discusses practical applications including drone delivery systems, public safety, IoT, virtual reality, and smart cities. Covers radio theory and applications for wireless communication with ranges of centimeters to hundreds of meters. Discusses important topics including metamaterials, inductance coupling for loop antennas, bluetooth low energy, wireless security, and wireless sensor networks. Discussing latest technologies including 5G, 6G, IoT, vehicular technology and TV white space technology, this text will be useful for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of electrical engineering, and electronics and communication engineering.
In recent years, knowledge systems have become key areas of concern for researchers, policy-makers and developmental activists. Knowledge Systems and Natural Resources is a unique collection of case studies from Nepal. It provides rich and incisive insights into critical social processes and deliberative governance. It analyses how knowledge is produced, disseminated and applied in various aspects of natural resource governance in Nepal. The book challenges the dichotomy between traditional and scientific knowledge. It proposes to differentiate among systems of knowledge on the basis of political standing of social actors engaged in natural resource governance. It further proposes that change in governance hinges on how the diverse systems of knowledge come into deliberative interface and to what extent the unequal distribution of power and knowledge resources in society constrain the process of deliberation.
The Present Book Offers A Comprehensive And Coherent Account With Evaluation Of The Impact Of Irrigation On Agricultural Growth In Sharda Sahayak Command Area. Here, The Main Thrust Is On Irrigation As A Key Factor For Agricultural Development Of The Area, Which Ultimately Leads To Increase In Yield Per Unit Land. Inefficient Management Of Irrigation System Emanating From Lack Of Coordination, Failure Of Irrigation Department In The Provision Of Proper Distribution System, Drainage Facilities And Appropriate Steps For Reduction Of Seepage Losses, Was Realized By The Government During The Third Plan Period. Consequently, A Planned Programme Of Area Development Through A Unified Multi-Disciplinary Organization Was Thought Of. This Concept Of Area Development Necessitated The Creation Of Command Area Development Projects In The Country. Sharda Sahayak Command Area Development Project Was Established In 1973-74. The Main Objectives Of The Study Were Set To Examine The Definite And Positive Impact Of The Project, To Boost Agricultural Production And To Suggest Effective Remedial Measures. To Achieve These Objectives, The Study Aims Particularly At Making An Assessment Of The Following Core Functions Of The Project: (A) Integrated Water Management, (B) Farm Development Works, And (C) Agricultural Inputs And Extension Services. This Book Will Serve As A Suitable And Useful Text For Cad Workers, Planners, Economists, Agricultural Scientists, Policy Makers, Rural Development Planners And Researchers. The Book Is Also Likely To Be Of Great Interest To All Those Interested In Project Analysis Whether As Administrative Change-Agents, Academic Theory Builders Or As Field Researchers.
This edited volume on Microbial Diversity includes the chapters on different aspects of microbial diversity, its exploration and exploitation. The contents are broadly categorized into two parts. Part-A includes 25 review articles on diverse aspects of microbial diversity and its applications, contributed by subject experts working in their respective areas. These areas include biotechnology, environment, agriculture, food, public health and nanotechnology. These review articles bring out update information available on selected topics and point out the gaps in our knowledge and further project future lines of research. Part-B includes original research papers on contemporary research areas contributed by active researchers. This book caters the long left needs of university teachers, researchers, students, and industrial entrepreneurs.
This book emphasizes the role of various biopesticides in the protection of various crops like rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, spice crops, tuber crops, coconut, tea, forest plantations and stored products. The present book is an attempt to evaluate the scope of biopesticides in sustainable agriculture of various crops in order to contemplate the progress and constraints and suggest a future roadmap for potential use of biopesticides.
A collaborative ethnography that collects ordinary persons' recollections of everyday life, politics, and the environment in Rajasthan from when the state was a kingdom and since independence.
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