Islamic Macroeconomics proposes an Islamic model that offers significant prospects for economic growth and durable macroeconomic stability, and which is immune to the defects of the economic models prevailing both in developed and developing countries. An Islamic model advocates a limited government confined to its natural duties of defence, justice, education, health, infrastructure, regulation, and welfare of the vulnerable population. It prohibits interest-based debt and money, and requires full liberalization of all markets including labor, financial, commodity, trade, and foreign exchange markets. The government should be Sharia-compliant in its taxation power and regulatory intervention; it ought to reduce unproductive spending in favor of productive spending. This book is essential reading for students and academics of Islamic economics and finance, economists, practitioners, and researchers.
Over the past two decades, several sudden, unforeseen, and significant changes have occurred in the world's political and economic landscape. This book explores their impact on the processes of contemporary disruptive innovations during the Fourth Industrial Technology Revolution and the role that global finance and international commerce play. The expansion of multinational corporations, increasing dependence on global supply chains, and the globalization of the world economy have aided the rising expansion of Innovations worldwide. The authors analyze the drivers and relationship between these increasingly dispersed Innovations and the expanding linkage between economic growth in developed and developing countries. Progress will continue with technological innovations in financial services, lowering the cost to consumers and companies. Financial transactions will be executed increasingly by the individual using their cell phone or computer. Electronic digital payments and banking will replace currency. This book focuses on Innovations in advanced countries and examines developments in emerging markets and the implications for the world's future economic growth. The collaborative expansion and dispersion of online education across different cultures impact labor markets, diversity and immigration, and the rise and expansion of women entrepreneurial Innovators. The progression of global access to higher levels of education is changing the culture, values, and institutional foundations supporting Innovation. Knowledge of the expanding Innovation Ecosystems is crucial for understanding contemporary global business and entrepreneurship, international trade and capital flows, and investments impacting world history and economic, social, and political sciences subjects.
This book analyses the historical context and progression of "significant innovations" beginning with the industrial revolution, starting around 1750 to the present. It explores the interrelationship, causes, and evolutionary process of contemporary "disruptive" inventions and the role played by global finance and international commerce to support these. First, the authors examine the environment and circumstances surrounding the inventors and explore their backgrounds to determine, why at a specific time, they identified a need that became the seed for invention and, what was their method of successfully commercializing their innovation. Secondly, they focus on the financing of the inventor, the innovation, and the commercialization of the invention(s). They analyze the changes in finance during the shift from a labor-based production process to a more capital-intensive production process, and what new financial products or financial markets were created to facilitate this transition. Third, they explore the impact of global commerce on the inventor country’s innovation environment and international competition impacting the innovation’s production, distribution, and sales, as well as, investigating any financial impact from the demand side and whether that impact was domestic or global in character. Furthermore, they consider if and how global finance and international commerce including the migration of people, together play a role in helping the disruptive invention satisfy a need in society, whether from a production or consumption perspective. Finally, they search for common elements that repeatedly inspired inventors and their disruptive innovations over time. This book will appeal to global government officials, business leadership, early career professionals, and students across a number of disciplines including finance, economics, business, engineering, and technology.
This study aims to identify policies that influence the development of financial institutions as measured across three dimensions: depth, efficiency, and stability. Applying the concept of the financial possibility frontier, developed by Beck & Feyen (2013) and formalized by Barajas et al (2013a), we determine key policy variables affecting the gap between actual levels of development and benchmarks predicted by structural variables. Our dynamic panel estimation shows that inflation, trade openness, institutional quality, and banking crises significantly affect financial development. Our analysis also helps identify potential complementarities and trade-offs for policy makers, based on the effect of the policy variables across the different dimensions of financial development.
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