Common experience reveals two basic aspects of wave propagation. First, while preserving their identity and travelling at definite speeds, sounds finally die out. Second, weak sounds may combine to form strong noises. Theories of acoustic propagation have succeeded in representing these aspects of experience separately, but never combined as in nature. The classical theories of sound in perfect fluids and elastic solids easily yield common speeds of propagation for plane infinitesimal disturbances, but no damping. Moreover, within EULER'S theory of the perfect fluid, or its generalization, the GREEN-KIRCHHOFF-KELVIN theory of finite elasticity, weak waves may grow stronger and become shock waves, which propagate according to more complicated but equally definite principles. Effects of internal damping are easily added for theories of infinitesimal deformation, but for finite motions a dead end was reached about sixty years ago. Indeed, in 1901 DUHEM proved that according to the NAVIER-STOKES theory of fluids acceleration waves and waves of higher order cannot exist, and for shock waves he claimed a similar result, which has since been shown to be valid subject to certain qualifications. So as to save the phenomena of sound and noise, as was necessary if the NAVIER-STOKES theory was to deserve the place proposed for it as a refinement upon EULER'S theory, DUHEM introduced the concept of "quasi-wave", a region of rapid but continuous transition.
Common experience reveals two basic aspects of wave propagation. First, while preserving their identity and travelling at definite speeds, sounds finally die out. Second, weak sounds may combine to form strong noises. Theories of acoustic propagation have succeeded in representing these aspects of experience separately, but never combined as in nature. The classical theories of sound in perfect fluids and elastic solids easily yield common speeds of propagation for plane infinitesimal disturbances, but no damping. Moreover, within EULER'S theory of the perfect fluid, or its generalization, the GREEN-KIRCHHOFF-KELVIN theory of finite elasticity, weak waves may grow stronger and become shock waves, which propagate according to more complicated but equally definite principles. Effects of internal damping are easily added for theories of infinitesimal deformation, but for finite motions a dead end was reached about sixty years ago. Indeed, in 1901 DUHEM proved that according to the NAVIER-STOKES theory of fluids acceleration waves and waves of higher order cannot exist, and for shock waves he claimed a similar result, which has since been shown to be valid subject to certain qualifications. So as to save the phenomena of sound and noise, as was necessary if the NAVIER-STOKES theory was to deserve the place proposed for it as a refinement upon EULER'S theory, DUHEM introduced the concept of "quasi-wave", a region of rapid but continuous transition.
The major cause of death in the Western world is some form of vascular disease; and principal among these forms is atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Although much is known about the etiology and treatment of ASHD, there is, as yet, no specific means of prognosis of an impending coronary episode. There are, however, several indications of susceptibility to coronary disease, generally known as risk factors, the foremost of which is hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is more commonly designated as hypercholesteremia or triglyceridemia, depending upon which moiety is elevated, but since lipids are transported in the blood as members of a lipoprotein complex, the most descriptive general term would be hyperlipoproteinemia. This volume represents an effort to elucidate the origins and metabolic behavior of lipoproteins and their components, to describe aspects of the morphology, biochemistry and experimental induction of ASHD, and to describe modalities of treatment. The contributions to this book include descriptions of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism, as well as the metabolism of bile acids, the principal products of cholesterol metabolism. There are also chapters on the mechanisms of hyperlipidemia and on lipoprotein metabolism. The induction of experimental atherosclerosis and the aortic structural changes caused by this disease are discussed.
This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, methods and applications of chemical ecology, covering such topics as chemical signalling, predator–prey interactions, host plant selection and chemical defence. The book takes the reader through the historical development of the discipline to current state-of-the-art research, delving into recent findings on the role of chemical ecology in conservation and management and exploring how the field may contribute to future innovations in ecological science. A chapter is dedicated to the techniques that have been used in chemical ecology and some success stories. Chemical Ecology: Insect-Plant Interactions is an important resource for advanced undergraduates and postgraduate researchers as well as practitioners in this interdisciplinary field. The book’s layout aligns with the curriculum of chemical-ecology-related disciplines, progressing from basic fundamental principles to a more advanced level. Those studying and researching in ecology, entomology, plant biology and biochemistry will find it invaluable as well as those practising in areas such as agriculture, forestry and pest management.
This book applies various concepts based on practical experimental considerations to industrial fields: aerospace structure, shipbuilding and marine engineering, automotive, and elevator composites. Written by prominent authors who contribute to the success of advanced composites technology and leading influential laboratories and companies, the book includes unique concept research, recent trends, and further insights. Particular effort is made to deal with notable constituent materials of advanced composites, even nanostructures.This book deals with applied research from the basics of a rare nanomaterial called halloysite nanotube, which is environmentally friendly and leads nanomaterials in advanced industrial composite materials and functional, structural materials with high practical value. This book includes practical nano-bridging techniques on nanostructures, manufacturing, analysis, and advanced composites' applications using the research know-how accumulated over the years by prominent experts in these areas.
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