This edition of Thermodynamics is a thoroughly revised, streamlined, and cor rected version of the book of the same title, first published in 1975. It is intended for students, practicing engineers, and specialists in materials sciences, metallur gical engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrochemistry, and related fields. The present edition contains many additional numerical examples and prob lems. Greater emphasis is put on the application of thermodynamics to chemical, materials, and metallurgical problems. The SI system has been used through out the textbook. In addition, a floppy disk for chemical equilibrium calculations is enclosed inside the back cover. It contains the data for the elements, oxides, halides, sulfides, and other inorganic compounds. The subject material presented in chapters III to XIV formed the basis of a thermodynamics course offered by one of the authors (R.G. Reddy) for the last 14 years at the University of Nevada, Reno. The subject matter in this book is based on a minimum number of laws, axioms, and postulates. This procedure avoids unnecessary repetitions, often encountered in books based on historical sequence of development in thermodynamics. For example, the Clapeyron equation, the van't Hoff equation, and the Nernst distribution law all refer to the Gibbs energy changes of relevant processes, and they need not be presented as radically different relationships.
This edition of Thermodynamics is a thoroughly revised, streamlined, and cor rected version of the book of the same title, first published in 1975. It is intended for students, practicing engineers, and specialists in materials sciences, metallur gical engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrochemistry, and related fields. The present edition contains many additional numerical examples and prob lems. Greater emphasis is put on the application of thermodynamics to chemical, materials, and metallurgical problems. The SI system has been used through out the textbook. In addition, a floppy disk for chemical equilibrium calculations is enclosed inside the back cover. It contains the data for the elements, oxides, halides, sulfides, and other inorganic compounds. The subject material presented in chapters III to XIV formed the basis of a thermodynamics course offered by one of the authors (R.G. Reddy) for the last 14 years at the University of Nevada, Reno. The subject matter in this book is based on a minimum number of laws, axioms, and postulates. This procedure avoids unnecessary repetitions, often encountered in books based on historical sequence of development in thermodynamics. For example, the Clapeyron equation, the van't Hoff equation, and the Nernst distribution law all refer to the Gibbs energy changes of relevant processes, and they need not be presented as radically different relationships.
This book presents the basics and applications of superconducting magnets. It explains the phenomenon of superconductivity, theories of superconductivity, type II superconductors and high-temperature cuprate superconductors. The main focus of the book is on the application to superconducting magnets to accelerators and fusion reactors and other applications of superconducting magnets. The thermal and electromagnetic stability criteria of the conductors and the present status of the fabrication techniques for future magnet applications are addressed. The book is based on the long experience of the author in studying superconducting materials, building magnets and numerous lectures delivered to scholars. A researcher and graduate student will enjoy reading the book to learn various aspects of magnet applications of superconductivity. The book provides the knowledge in the field of applied superconductivity in a comprehensive way.
Preface Testing Integrated Circuits for manufacturing defects includes four basic disciplines. First of all an understanding of the origin and behaviour of defects. Secondly, knowledge of IC design and IC design styles. Thirdly, knowledge of how to create a test program for an IC which is targeted on detecting these defects, and finally, understanding of the hardware, Automatic Test Equipment, to run the test on. All four items have to be treated, managed, and to a great extent integrated before the term 'IC quality' gets a certain meaning and a test a certain measurable value. The contents of this book reflects our activities on testability concepts for complex digital ICs as performed at Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Based on the statements above, we have worked along a long term plan, which was based on four pillars. 1. The definition of a test methodology suitable for 'future' IC design styles, 2. capable of handling improved defect models, 3. supported by software tools, and 4. providing an easy link to Automatic Test Equipment. The reasoning we have followed was continuously focused on IC qUality. Quality expressed in terms of the ability of delivering a customer a device with no residual manufacturing defects. Bad devices should not escape a test. The basis of IC quality is a thorough understanding of defects and defect models.
An amazing range of ties connects New Zealand with the rest of the Pacific Islands. Few are aware of the complex networks created by the movement of visitors and and settlers in both directions, by the media, by diplomatic activity, the military, the business community, churches, sporting fixtures, voluntary agencies and service clubs, youth and women's organizations. Contents: Part 1: Movement and interaction of people 1. Settling in each other's countries 2. Transients and non-permanent residents Part 2: Resource flows 3. Commercial transactions 4. Non-commercial resource transfers Part 3: The transfer of ideas 5. Educational interaction 6. Communication, culture and sport Part 4: Power bargaining 7. Political relations 8. Community and conflict in security interests Part 5: Looking ahead 9. To the 21st century.
The study of air pollution effects on vegetation has made rapid progress in the last five years. Growing concerns about effects of future increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (C0 ) levels on plant life have altered 2 the perspective of plant biologists in the field of pollutant-plant inter actions. In many cases, it is anticipated that crops and trees will increasingly experience multiple stresses in an altered environment: an environment in which physiological processes will no longer be matched to climate. Because of this problem, a major part of the focus of the air pollution effects research has shifted since 1987. Moreover, recent advances in our understanding of plant metabolic and molecular responses to stress have made it clear that many abiotic stresses elicit similar fundamental mechanisms. Adaptation responses to drought, extremes of temperature, xenobiotics and air pollutants are now known to involve the response of both specific and common resistance mechanisms, which often include altered gene expression. The field of air pollution effects on vegetation has benefitted greatly from this unification since results obtained and advances made in allied fields are now directly relevant. The advent of molecular genetics has made possible the production of transgenic plants containing altered amounts of resistance gene products which enables the posing of experimental questions which could not be addressed only five years ago. Hypotheses concerning the relevance of specific metabolites and processes to known responses to air pollution stress can now be tested.
This book, first published in 1984, has both a geomorphic and a hydrologic message. It examines and analyses the role of groundwater in landscapes in a series of articles by authors of diverse backgrounds and experience.
Provides information on modern luminescence techniques, beginning with a general introduction to luminescence spectroscopy. Divided into two basic sections, the first dealing with fluorescence and the latter part on chemiluminescence. Topics include immunoassays, the use of chemiluminescence in flow
Pollen transmits the male genetic material in sexual reproduction of all higher plants. This same pollen is also well suited as a research tool for studying many patterns of plant and animal metabolism. In addition, an increased knowledge of pollen may help plant breeders accelerate efforts to improve the world's food and fiber supply. This volume focuses upon pollen biology and chemistry; it attempts to inte grate these facts with management practices involved in pollen applications. People have long been involved with pollen. Pollen applications are recorded in the rites of ancient civilizations (see Frontispiece). From the earliest times many benefits have been attributed to the inclusion of pollen in man's diet; also, since the mid-19th century air-borne pollen has been recognized as detrimental to many people's health. Disciplines concerned with man's cultural history and the earth's changing ecology find pollen a particularly useful and accessible tool. Identifiable parts of pollen have survived over 100 million years. But most books dealing with pollen are generally concerned with the identification of the plant source, an aspect of the science of palynology; other books emphasize the natural vectors transmit ting pollen, the pollination mechanisms. Very few works include the biochem istry or biology of pollen. Yet extensive studies by physicians, as well as plant breeders and apiculturists, have contributed a sizeable body of research relating to pollen.
The book comprehensively covers the subject of Court Martial, expanding the concept of the decision-making process of court-martial, for the reasons contextually explained, to include not only the decisions of court-martial proper on various issues before it, but also the pre and the post- trial matters, including investigation of the reported offence and review of the trial proceedings. Some of the specific questions designed to cover the subject relate to highly debatable and sensitive issues, such as the desirability of extending the court-martial jurisdiction to all civilian offenders in terrorism-struck areas like J&K. Similarly, much controversial Service issues, like command influence, human right violations by armed forces personnel, advisibility of continuing with summary court-martial in the Army, the court-martial verdict being a foregone conclusion and the trial procedure mere formality, the requirement of providing for bail and plea bargaining in the court- martial procedure et al, have been included in the book.
A spectacular transition is under way in the Pacific Islands, as a result of which all our lives will be radically different. In the last fifty years or so, Asia has begun to play a bigger and bigger role in all aspects of Islands life - migration, trade and investment, aid and development, information and media, religion, culture and sport. It is replacing the West. The process is irreversible. With his trademark breadth and depth of knowledge and understanding of the region, based on over half a century of experience, study and deliberation, Ron Crocombe documents the early connections between Asia and the Pacific, details recent and continuing changes, and poses challenging theories about the future."--Publisher.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which has evolved only within the last 20 years, has become one of the very important tools in chemistry and physics. The literature on its theory and application has grown immensely and a comprehensive and adequate treatment of all branches by one author, or even by several, becomes increasingly difficult. This series is planned to present articles written by experts working in various fields of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and will contain review articles as well as progress reports and original work, its main aim, however, is to fill a gap, existing in literature, by publishing articles written by specialists, which take the reader from the introductory stage to the latest development in the field. The editors are grateful to the authors for the time and effort spent in writing the articles, and for their invaluable cooperation. The Editors Contents P. Diehl and C. L. Khetrapal NMR Studies of Molecules Oriented in the Nematic Phase of Liquid Crystais......................................................... 1 R. G. Jones The Use of Symmetry in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance................. 97 NMR Studies of Molecules Oriented in the Nematic Phase of Liquid Crystals P. DIEHL and C. L. KHETRAPAL * Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Liquid Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Classification of Liquid Crystal Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Theories of the Liquid Crystalline State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Nematic Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1 4. Basic Theory (for I = I ). . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . .
Leprous neuropathy, which is due to infection of nerve cells by Mycobacterium leprae, still affects millions of people in many developing countries. The clinical and pathological manifestations are determined by the natural resistance of the host to invasion of M. Leprae. Failure of early detection of leprosy often leads to severe disability in spite of eradication of mycobacterium at a later date. In the lepromatous type, bacilli are easily found in the skin and in nerve cells including Schwann cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. In the tuberculoid type, a strong cell-mediated immune reaction leads to formation of granulomas and destruction of cells harboring bacilli and neighboring nerve fibers. In many cases, treatment of patients with the multibacillary leprosy is complicated by reversal reaction and further nerve damage. Nerve lesions lead to a symmetrical, pseudo-polyneuritic pattern in most cases of lepromatous leprosy, which is usually associated with typical skin lesions, but pure neuritic forms occur in up to 10% of patients with lepromatous leprosy. In the pure neuropathic cases, only nerve biopsy permits diagnosis. The multifocal pattern is more common in tuberculoid leprosy. Treatment is currently based on multidrug therapy with dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine. The use of corticosteroids can reduce or prevent nerve damage in reversal reactions. It is important to remember that sequelae, especially sensory loss, are extremely common, which can lead to secondary trophic changes due to repeated trauma in painless areas.
Given that treatment with curative intent is possible in only one-half of cancer victims, and that such treatment frequently fails, the majority of patients with cancer will require relief of symptoms and signs caused by their disease. In this book, the specific contribution of radiation therapy to palliation is considered within the context of multidisciplinary management. Individual chapters are devoted to palliative radiation therapy for primary tumours and metastases at different sites. The management of pain is discussed, and chapters are also devoted to end of life care, the management of complications of radiation therapy, and useful medications. This book will prove useful to radiation oncologists and medical students.
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