The English edition of this book has been prepared from the third Gem1an edition published in December 1974. The first two German editions, published in 1971 and 1972, respectively, were very well received in Germany. We hope that this English version will enjoy a similar popularity by students wishing to understand the essential concepts relevant to the fascinating field of neurophysiology. The evolution of this book has been unique. The first edition was based on a series of lectures presented for many years to first-year physiology students at the Universities of Heidelberg and Mannheim. These lectures were converted into a series of 38 programmed texts, and after extensive testing, published as a programmed textbook of neurophysiology (N europhysiologie programmiert, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 1971). Thereafter the present text was written and thoroughly brought up to date. Throughout this period all of the authors were members of the Department of Physiology in Heidel berg allowing for maximum cooperation at all stages of this endeavor. With regard to the English edition, I wish to express my apprecia tion to Mr. Derek Jordan and Mrs. Inge Jordan for translating this book, and to my colleagues Dr. Mark Rowe and Dr. Dean O. Smith for their valuable comments and suggestions on the English manuscript. I express my grateful thanks to the publishers, both in Heidelberg and New York, for their unfailing courtesy and for their extraordinary efficiency.
The waterproof sensory sheet covering the mammalian body has a rich afferent innervation which provides an abundance of complex information for use by the central nervous system often in conjunction with information from receptors in the joints. This book is an attempt to provide a systematic account of the way in which this somatosensory system works. The properties of the peripheral receptors have been debated in scientific terms for about a century and the resolu tion of the conflict in favour of the existence of 'specific' receptors for mechanical, thermal and noxious stimuli is reported and discussed in the opening chapters of the book. An awareness of this specificity has forced a re-consideration of the ways in which the central nervous system de-codes the information which is showered upon it. Advances in knowledge of the fine structure of the central nervous system have raised functional questions about the operation and organisation of the sensory systems in the spinal cord and brain. Fresh insight into the morphological complexity of the dorsal horn and higher levels of the nervous system gives the physiologist a clearer idea of the units with which he works. Progress has been made in understanding the function of sensory relay nuclei in general and indivi dual tracts in particular and is fully decomented.
The new foreword by Devra Kleiman provides anecdotes about R. F. Ewer's personal and professional achievements from biologists who actually knew her. It also features a bibliography of Ewer's publications which demonstrates her extensive and wide-ranging life's work.
This series of concise essays on Enteroceptors is designed to interest the gradu ate student and to stimulate research. Even before the advent of electrophysiological studies, classical physiological techniques had shown the essence of the role of many of the enteroceptors. Thus the monitoring influence of the cardiovascular mechanoreceptors on the heart and on the systemic vascular resistance, the role of the arterial chemoreceptors in hypoxia and the influence of the so-called Hering Breuer stretch receptors on breathing had all been documented. The pioneering work of ADRIAN, BRONK, ZOTTERMAN and others using electroneurographic methods gave a remarkable impetus to the study of the enteroceptors themselves. Nowhere is this better exemplificd than in the case of the afferent end organs of the heart, the respiratory tract and the abdominal and pelvic viscera. The remarkable development of our knowledge of the multiplicity of types of nerve endings from the thoracic and abdominal viscera acquired from electrophysiological studies has refocussed our attention on the histological details of the sites of such receptors. Once more research on the structural side has been accelerated by the question raised by evidence obtained from functional studies. This is well illustrated in the case of the carotid body, where the long cherished belief that the innervated epithelioid cells constitute the chemoreceptor complex is now under attack. The detailed consideration of the functional characteristics of each entero ceptor considered has not occupied our whole attention.
The second volume of Condensed Matter Theories contains the proceedings of the 10th International Workshop held at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, U.S.A. during the week of July 21, 1986. The workshop was attended by high-energy, nuclear and condensed-matter physicists as well as materials scientists. This diverse blend of participants was in keeping with the flavor of the previous workshops. This annual series of international workshops was"started in 1977 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Subsequent'workshops were held in Trieste (Italy), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Caracas (Venezuela), Altenberg (West Germany), Granada (Spain), and San Francisco (U.S.A.). What began as a meeting of the physicists from the Western Hemisphere has expanded in the last three years into an international conference of scientists with diverse interests and backgrounds. This diversity has promoted a healthy exchange of ideas from different branches of physics and also fruitful interactions among the participants. The present volume is a continuation of the effort started last year when the invited papers from the 9th International Workshop were published by Plenum Press. Our only trepidation in organizing a book of this kind stemmed from the diversity of the material, which did not lend itself easily to well-defined topics. Still, the articles are loosely divided into eight categories, where the papers in each category have either a common theme or the same underlying technique.
Fifty years ago the field of human embryology was incomplete; prior to that time the anatomy of early human embryos was still unknown, and there was much to be learned about the older stages of human embryonic development. It is now understood that human organs result from step-by-step differentiations of the growing human embryo. Research by renowned embryologist Erich Blechschmidt, MD, showed that differentiations are not only the result of a gene effect, but are also brought about through growth initiated by extragenetic (occurring outside the gene) information. Without this extragenetic information the differentiation would not begin. Dr. Blechschmidt and coauthor Raymond Gasser, PhD, maintain that Haeckel's biogenetic law (ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny) was an erroneous attempt to explain developmental processes. Blechschmidt's human embryological investigations showed that Darwin's principles (mutation and selection) are likely valid for the origin of the species, but that they cannot explain the ontogenesis of the organs. The ontogenesis of each individual cannot be derived from phylogenetic facts. The authors stress that a clear distinction must be made between the vast field of phylogenetics and the much more exact and understandable field of ontogenetics—particularly the process of differentiation—and their goal is to present not only the abstract biokinetic principles of differentiation, but the originality of embryonic human beings as well. Their knowledge of developmental movements leads to their conclusion that differentiation is an undivided biodynamic process that occurs during development and includes the chemical processes as well. Logically organized into two sections (the first covers early metabolic fields and includes chapters on the one-cell human ovum, the early embryo, blood vessels, the nervous system, head region, trunk, and limbs; the second describes metabolic fields in later developmental stages, distinguishing fields of corrosion, densation, contusion, distusion, retention, dilation, liquation, and detraction), Biokinetics and Biodynamics of Human Differentiation warrants reading by thoughtful professionals in a number of fields concerned with embryonic differentiation. A new preface by Dr. Gasser addresses how the book's principles and findings were and are understood in the field of human embryology.
The major premise of this book is that efforts to construct a Marxist analysis of education centered on schools and schooling are misdirected. Instead, the author contends that explorations of education must, more importantly, focus on the valuable learning experiences that occur outside the classroom. Using Marx's own writings as a guide to interpreting past and present events, the author explores how education should be conceptualized in order to liberate working people. He identifies those aspects of education linked with the specifically capitalist nature of our societies, and those that give hope of the cooperative, responsible society that Marx anticipated.
This book has been prepared under the auspices of Commission I.2 on Thermodynamics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The authors of the 18 chapters are all recognized experts in the field. The book gives an up-to-date presentation of equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. All principal approaches for developing equations of state are covered. The theoretical basis and practical use of each type of equation is discussed and the strength and weaknesses of each is addressed. Topics addressed include the virial equation of state, cubic equations and generalized van der Waals equations, perturbation theory, integral equations, corresponding stated and mixing rules. Special attention is also devoted to associating fluids, polydisperse fluids, polymer systems, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids and fluids near critical points.
The Insects has been the standard textbook in the field since the first edition published over forty years ago. Building on the strengths of Chapman's original text, this long-awaited 5th edition has been revised and expanded by a team of eminent insect physiologists, bringing it fully up-to-date for the molecular era. The chapters retain the successful structure of the earlier editions, focusing on particular functional systems rather than taxonomic groups and making it easy for students to delve into topics without extensive knowledge of taxonomy. The focus is on form and function, bringing together basic anatomy and physiology and examining how these relate to behaviour. This, combined with nearly 600 clear illustrations, provides a comprehensive understanding of how insects work. Now also featuring a richly illustrated prologue by George McGavin, this is an essential text for students, researchers and applied entomologists alike.
Ein Handbuch für die Praxis der Dispersionstechnologie: Weitverstreute Daten aus der Literatur, technische Details und ausgewählte theoretische Grundlagen wurden zu einer übersichtlichen, gut verständlichen Darstellung aufbereitet, die nicht mit Mathematik und komplizierten Zusammenhängen überfrachtet ist. An zahlreichen Beispielen wird erklärt, wie sich verschiedene Dispersionszustände in den Eigenschaften des Produkts widerspiegeln; die Wirkung eines Dispersionsmittels wird auf stoffliche Aspekte, nicht Handelsnamen zurückgeführt. Der Anwender wird in die Lage versetzt, 'seine' Dispersionen gezielt zu verändern, um mechanischen, chemischen und ökologischen Anforderungen der Kunden gerecht zu werden. Mit Herstellerlisten für die technische Ausrüstung! Geschrieben in erster Linie für die industrielle Praxis - weniger für akademische Forschung und Lehre.
The design of chemical reactors and their safety are as critical to the success of a chemical process as the actual chemistry taking place within the reactor. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the practical aspects of multiphase reactor design and operation with an emphasis on safety and clean technology. It considers not only standard operation conditions, but also the problems of runaway reaction conditions and protection against ensuing over-pressure. Hydrodynamics of Multiphase Reactors addresses both practical and theoretical aspects of this topic. Initial chapters discuss various different types of gas/liquid reactors from a practical viewpoint, and later chapters focus on the modelling of multiphase systems and computational methods for reactor design and problem solving. The material is written by experts in their specific fields and will include chapters on the following topics: Multiphase flow, Bubble columns, Sparged stirred vessels, Macroscale modelling, Microscale modelling, Runaway conditions, Behaviour of vessel contents, Choked flow, Measurement techniques.
To many education students, Russian and/or Chinese education is at the same time their introduction to Marxism, and many students go no further. This book sets the record straight by giving a thorough introduction to the writings of Marx himself as they relate to education. It shows what Marxism implies for education, as aim, method and content. It then proceeds to compare educational developments in the former USSR and China in the light of this analysis, attempting to answer the question as to how Marxist this has been, in the schools and outside them.
Presenting some of the most recent results of Russian research into shock compression, as well as historical overviews of the Russian research programs into shock compression, this volume will provide Western researchers with many novel ideas and points of view. The chapters in this volume are written by leading Russian specialists various fields of high-pressure physics and form accounts of the main researches on the behavior of matter under shock-wave interaction. The experimental portions contain results of studies of shock compression of metals to high and ultra-high pressure, shock initiation of polymorphic transformations, strength, fracture and fragmentation under shock compression, and detonation of condensed explosives. There are also chapters on theoretical investigations of shock-wave compression and plasma states in regimes of high-pressure and high- temperature. The topics of the book are of interest to scientists and engineers concerned with questions of material behavior under impulsive loading and to the equation of state of matter. Application is to questions of high-speed impact, inner composition of planets, verification of model representations of material behavior under extreme 1oading conditions, syntheses of new materials, development of new technologies for material processing, etc. Russian research differs from much of the Western work in that it has traditionally been wider-ranging and more directed to extremes of response than to precise characterization of specific materials and effects. Western scientists could expect to benefit from the perspective gained from close knowledge of the Russian work.
Human Resources Management in Construction fills an important gap in current management literature by applying general principles of human resources management specifically to the construction industry. It discusses and explores findings from research to supplement the theoretical and practical procedures used. It explores issues such as the technology used and the pattern of social and political relationships within which people are managed.
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Sixth Edition, expands on previous editions, including sections on orogenesis and copper mineralogy and new processes for efficiently recovering copper from ever-declining Cu-grade mineral deposits. The book evaluates processes for maintaining concentrate Cu grades from lower grade ores. Sections cover the recovery of critical byproducts (e.g., cesium), worker health and safety, automation as a safety tool, and the geopolitical forces that have moved copper metal production to Asia (especially China) and new smelting and refining processes. Indigenous Asian smelting processes are evaluated, along with energy and water requirements, environmental performance, copper electrorefining processes, and sulfur dioxide capture processes (e.g., WSA). The book puts special emphasis on the benefits of recycling copper scrap in terms of energy and water requirements. Comparisons of ore-to-product and scrap-to-product carbon emissions are also made to illustrate the concepts included. Describes copper mineralogy, mining and beneficiation techniques Compares a variety of mining, smelting and converting technologies Provides a complete description of hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical processes, including process options and recent improvements Includes comprehensive descriptions of secondary copper processing, including scrap collection and upgrading, melting and refining technologies
Human ecology is ultimately part of a general theory of society. This is the argument developed here by Roy Ellen, whose exploration of the interplay between social organization and ecology in small-scale subsistence systems has direct bearings both on the investigation of human environmental relations in general and on contemporary social theory. He argues that while ecological study of non-industrial societies cannot be elevated to the status of theory, domain or discipline, it can be represented as a single 'problematic' that historically has acquired some degree of autonomy and which continues to make a significant contribution to a wider anthropology. Dr Ellen introduces his subject matter through an extended and systematic discussion of some major frameworks developed within the last hundred years to examine and explain facets of the relationship between culture, social organization and the environment: determinism, possibilism, cultural ecology, systems theory and ideas derived from modern biology. He follows this with a detailed review and appraisal of important recent research involving the use of ecological models, methods and data. This original and innovative study of the pre-eminently social character of human ecological relations will be of considerable interest to all students and researchers concerned with understanding the nature of the relationship between human beings and their environments.
Although stem rust has been controlled by means of resistant cultivars, leaf and stripe rust continue as problems for many growing areas of the world. Wheat Rusts: An Atlas of Resistance Genes has been prepared by specialists from one of the leading international laboratories, and illustrates with colour photographs typical resistance phenotypes associated with most known genes for resistance to the three rust diseases of wheat. Relevant details for each gene include chromosome location, aspects of genetics and pathogen variation, the effects of environment on expression, origin, availability in genetic and breeding stocks, and use in agriculture. This atlas includes an introduction to host:pathogen genetics, methodologies for wheat rust research and breeding for resistance.
The present volume contains the texts of the invited talks delivered at the Fifth International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories held in Oulu, Finland during the period 3-8 August 1987. The general format and style of the meeting followed closely those which had evolved from the earlier conferences in the series: Trieste 1978, Oaxtepec 1981, Altenberg 1983 and San Francisco 1985. Thus, the conferences in this series are in tended, as far as is practicable, to cover in a broad and balanced fashion both the entire spectrum of theoretical tools developed to tackle the quan tum many-body problem, and their major fields of· application. One of the major aims of the series is to foster the exchange of ideas and techniques among physicists working in such diverse areas of application of many-body theories as nucleon-nucleon interactions, nuclear physics, astronomy, atomic and molecular physics, quantum chemistry, quantum fluids and plasmas, and solid-state and condensed matter physics. A special feature of the present meeting however was that particular attention was paid in the programme to such topics of current interest in solid-state physics as high-temperature superconductors, heavy fermions, the quantum Hall effect, and disorder. A panel discussion was also organised during the conference, under the chair manship of N. W. Ashcroft, to consider the latest developments in the extreme ly rapidly growing field of high-T superconductors.
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