Magneto-electric ceramic composites are important materials for designing new microwave sensors (e.g. field probes) and devices such as filters, attenuators, capacitive resonators, gyrators and devices for medical applications. The book presents new research results for the following composite systems: (1-x) BaTiO3 + x NiFe2O4 II (1-x); BaTiO3 + x ZnFe2O4; (1-x) BaTiO3 + x CoFe2O4 and (1-x) BaTiO3 + x MgFe2O4. Keywords: Magneto-Electric Composites, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Electrical (Dielectric and P-E) Characterization, Magnetic Characterization (M-H), Structural Parameters, Morphological Studies, Elementary Analysis, Optical Studies, Electrical Studies, Magnetic Studies, Charge Density Analysis.
In the modern world, the life style of humans is greatly influenced by electronic gadgets. These electronic gadgets need semiconducting and magnetic materials. In particular, the magnetic materials which find applications in almost all such gadgets need to be researched and better understood. Magnetism has diverse applications, from simple “loadstone” to complex DNA sequencing. The aim of this book is to describe the synthesis and characterization of various nano ferrite materials used for memory applications. It is now well established that materials synthesized in nanometer scale have novel properties compared to their bulk counterparts. The distinct feature of the book is the construction of charge density diagrams of ferrites by using the maximum entropy method (MEM). It is analyzed how the charge density distribution in the ferrite unit cell affects charge related properties. Magnetic Materials, Nano Ferrite Materials Characterization Techniques, Dielectric Studies, Maximum Entropy Method (MEM), Magnetic Properties, Optical Properties, Dielectric Properties
Chapter I provides an introduction to linear optics and the physical origin of non-linear optical phenomena. The principle characterization techniques for analyzing the microstructural, optical and morphological properties of non-linear optical materials are discussed: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also presented are methods for the structural refinement of these materials, as well as the analysis of electron density distribution by means of novel techniques and the corresponding computational procedures. Chapter II describes sample preparation and PXRD analysis of a number of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. Chapter III deals with the optical properties and micro-structural characterization of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. The band gap, crystallite size and particle size of these materials are determined by means of UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray profile analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Also discussed is the elemental compositional analysis for PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. Chapter IV focusses on the electron density distribution analysis of non-linear optical materials, such as PbMoO4, LiNbO3, Ce:Gd3Ga5O12, CaCO3, Yb:CaF2, and Al2O3, Cr:Al2O3,V:Al2O3. The results are presented in the form of electron density maps and profiles. The bonding behavior of these materials is studied using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Chapter V centers on the inter-atomic ordering in non-linear optical materials, and presents computations of the pair distribution function (atomic correlation function) for selected materials.
The present book presents the results of a systematic investigation of the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of this type of lead-free solid solution ceramics Keywords: Piezoelectric Materials, Lead Toxicity, Lead-free Piezo-Ceramics, Perovskite Ceramics, Sensor Devices, Actuator Devices, Piezoelectric Devices, Ferroelectric Devices, Barium Titanate, Sodium Potassium Niobate, Sodium Bismuth Titanate, Electron Density Distribution, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, UV-visible Spectroscopy, Dielectric Measurements, Ferroelectric Measurements, Piezoelectric Measurements.
The book presents new research on the synthesis and characterization of various oxide based dilute magnetic spintronics materials (ODMS). The characterization techniques included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and UV visible spectrometry. The morphological, magnetic and optical properties are reported. Electron density distribution studies are presented in the form of three, two and one dimensional electron density maps. Keywords: Spintronics Materials, Zn1-xTixO, Zn1-xFexO, Zn1-xVxO, Zn1-xNix/2Vx/2O, Synthesis, X-ray Diffraction. Rietveld Analysis, Surface Morphological Properties, Optical Properties, Magnetic Properties, Charge Density Analysis, Electron Density Distribution.
Developing materials for SOFC applications is one of the key topics in energy research. The book focuses on manganite structured materials, such as doped lanthanum chromites and lanthanum manganites, which have interesting properties: thermal and chemical stability, mixed ionic and electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, magnetocaloric property and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). These materials have applications in solid oxide fuel cells, high temperature NOx sensors, hard disk read heads, magnetic sensors and magnetoresistive random access memories. For the first time, the charge density distributions have been studied in these materials as synthesized by high temperature solid state reaction. Charge density analysis is helpful in understanding the physical and chemical properties of materials and in developing optimized structures. The morphological, elemental, optical and magnetic properties of the materials have also been studied. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFC, Manganite Structured Materials, Lanthanum Chromites, Lanthanum Manganites, Electrocatalytic Activity, Magnetocaloric Property, Colossal Magnetoresistance, High Temperature NOx Sensors, Hard Disk Read Heads, Magnetic Sensors, Magnetoresistive Random Access Memories, Charge Density Distribution
Charge density analysis of materials provides a firm basis for the evaluation of the properties of materials. The design and engineering of a new combination of metals requires a firm knowledge of intermolecular features. Recent advances in technology and high-speed computation have made the crystal X-ray diffraction technique a unique tool for the determination of charge density distribution in molecular crystal. Methods have been developed to make experimental probes capable of unraveling the features of charge densities in the intra- and inter-molecular regions of crystal structures. In Metal and Alloy Bonding - An Experimental Analysis, the structural details of materials are elucidated with the X-ray diffraction technique. Analyses of the charge density and the local and average structure are given to reveal the structural properties of technologically important materials. Readers will gain a new understanding of the local and average structure of existing materials. The electron density, bonding, and charge transfer studies in Metal and Alloy Bonding - An Experimental Analysis contain useful information for researchers in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and metallurgy. The properties described in these studies can contribute to the successful engineering of these technologically important materials.
Barium titanate is one of the most important electronic materials; due to its high permittivity, low dielectric loss and high tunability. The environment friendly material is suitable for microphones and microwave device applications such as tunable capacitors, delay lines, filters, resonators and phase shifters. Doped titanates are extensively used for various electronic devices, such as transducers, piezoelectric actuators, passive memory storage devices, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), positive temperature coefficient resistors (PTCR), optoelectronic devices and infrared sensors. The book presents research results concerning the electron density distribution in a number of doped barium titanate ceramic materials using experimental X-ray diffraction data, UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis of interatomic bonding and electron density distribution is important for predicting the properties of potentially important materials and has previously been lacking for the materials studied. Barium Titanate, Barium Titanate Doping, Dielectric Ceramics, Permittivity, Tunability, Transducers, Piezoelectric Actuators, Memory Storage Devices, Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, Optoelectronic Devices, X-Ray Diffraction Data, UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Interatomic Bonding, Electron Density Distribution, Ceramic Property Predictions.
Due to their unique optical, thermal, catalytic, magnetic and electronic properties, nano-sized semiconductors have a huge potential in a great number of technological applications, ranging from photovoltaics and photocatalysis to biosensors and medicine. In the last couple of decades, the synthesis and characterization of these materials has been of key interest not only to materials scientists but also to researchers working in the field of physics, chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. The main focus of the present book is the characterization of a number of nano-semiconducting materials, using such techniques as powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometry, Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The materials studied include ZnS, TiO2, NiO, Ga doped ZnO, Mn doped SnO2, Mn doped CeO2 and Mn doped ZrO2. Of special interest has been the analysis of the electron density distribution within the nano samples. The results give deep insights into the atomic structures on which these crystals are based and on the binding characteristics between the atoms and the ways in which these characteristics can be changed. As the decisive properties of these materials depend upon the electron density distributions and their variations due to sample preparation specifics, temperature and the presence of doping elements, these results give important hints on the direction in which further research should be directed.
Thermoelectric materials permit the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric energy, and vice versa. They are therefore of highest technological interest in applications such as solid state coolers, waste heat recovery, sensors and detectors, and power generators including remote power generation. Thermoelectric materials are often called “environmentally green”, and for good reasons. Not only can they help generate electrical energy from waste gases as they are generated in such processes as home heating, industrial fabrication and automotive motion. In cooling applications they eliminate the use of chemical refrigerant gases. Moreover, as thermoelectric conversion devices have no moving parts, they operate silently and have a very long life expectancy. The only current drawback of these devices is their poor efficiency. Scientists all over the world are therefore studying the structural, thermoelectric, charge-density and magnetic properties of the most promising types of these materials at the atomic and electronic level. In addition to providing an introduction to the field, the main objective of this book is to present the results of the growth and structural characterization of thermoelectric materials that are of high current interest; including Mg2Si, PbTe, Bi1-xSbx, Bi2Te3, Sb2Te3, Sn1-xGexTe and InSb.
Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors (DMS) play a vital role in modern electronics industry. It is important to understand the fundamental properties of these materials in order to apply them to their full potential. This book presents an analysis of the charge density distribution and other properties of some silicon and germanium based diluted magnetic semiconductors. A quantitative analysis of the charge density distribution has been done in order to obtain measurements of the charges involved in the bonding, which are decisive for the physical and chemical properties of the DMS materials. Also, the local structures of the materials have been analyzed by studying their powder X-ray diffraction intensities. Analysis of the magnetic properties of the DMS materials is mandatory and has been accomplished by magnetic measurements carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The morphology of the DMS materials has been studied using scanning electron micrographs.
The magnetoelectric properties of multiferroic materials have a high potential for applications in the fields of data storage, spin valves, spintronics, memories, sensors and microelectronic devices. The book presents both a detailed literature review of the field, and the experimental results obtained from various characterization and analytical techniques performed on four series of lanthanum orthoferrite type multiferroics. These materials have been used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), magneto-hydrodynamic power generation (MHD), capacitors and energy storage devices in microelectronics, non-volatile magnetic memory devices and ferroelectric random access memories (Fe-RAM). Keywords: Multiferroics, Lanthanum Orthoferrites, Ferromagnetism, Ferroelectricity, Electrical Conductivity, Thermal Stability, Dielectric Constant, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), Magneto-Hydrodynamic Power Generation (MHD), Capacitors, Energy Storage Devices, Magnetic Memory Devices, Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (Fe-RAM), Charge Density Measurements..
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