Modelling Methodology for Physiology and Medicine offers a unique approach and an unprecedented range of coverage of the state-of-the-art, advanced modelling methodology that is widely applicable to physiology and medicine. The book opens with a clear and integrated treatment of advanced methodology for developing mathematical models of physiology and medical systems. Readers are then shown how to apply this methodology beneficially to real-world problems in physiology and medicine, such as circulation and respiration. - Builds upon and enhances the readers existing knowledge of modelling methodology and practice - Editors are internationally renowned leaders in their respective fields
Do You Understand What You Are Reading? is an attempt to read the Ethiopian eunuch story in the historical, grammatical, and cultural contexts presented within the narrative of Acts. Soon after Luke wrote Acts, which is the only New Testament book of history, interpreters (Church Fathers) began wrestling with the moral—Promise—worldview it contained. Many, not all, signified upon the Ethiopian character in ways that expressed disdain for Imperial eunuchs who were their contemporaries. It was a time of transformation in Western culture. As Rome attracted the best and brightest from all cultures, positions held by Imperial eunuchs were coveted; they were national bureaucrats, priests, and confidants to monarchs. Roman emperor Domitian (81–96) issued an edict banning making eunuchs, while maintaining his own eunuch, Stephanus. Domitian was murdered by courtiers and castrated. Roman emperor Constantine (306–337) issued another edict banning making eunuchs. The social climate became extremely hostile for high-ranking eunuchs as they were attacked in public culture—theater, music, poetry (spoken, written and sung). In 399, Eutropius—a eunuch, the first and only eunuch Consul in the Eastern Roman Empire—was murdered by his own troops. The Syrian poet Claudian wrote and published a political invective attacking him, which focused social hostility toward him. He ran to Church Father John Chrysostom’s church. Eutropius had placed Chrysostom over his bishopric. Eutropius stayed at the altar for three days after Chrysostom closed the sanctuary. On the third day, he emerged and was promptly killed. Afterward, a general slaughter of eunuchs occurred throughout the Western empire; although, they may still be found in the east (e.g. Hijras). In the midst of tectonic shifts in Greco-Roman society, in Acts, Luke engages Greco-Roman culture on behalf of Promise. His audience includes Imperial eunuchs, whose salvation prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah had foretold, and who were Luke’s contemporaries. 1
This book is a collection of invited contributions, each reflec ting an area of medicine in which computing techniques have been successfully applied; but why the title? From a control system point of view the aim of clinical medicine is to recognise the deviation of a patient from the space of normality, and to propel and steer the patient along a trajectory back to that space. Acquiring and main taining the knowledge and skills of this process is the function of medicine. The first chapter expands on this view. Subsequent chapters written by experts in their respective areas cover a fair range of application. All give considerable insight as to the ways in which the control system approach, facilitated by computational tools, can be of value when applied to clinical problems. The idea for this book arose naturally out of a symposium held at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England, on "Control System Concepts and Approaches in Clinical Medicine" in April, 1982, spon sored by the Institute of Measurement and Control and co-sponsored by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Royal Society of Medicine. It is not, however, a "proceedings" of this meeting but rather a collection of essays that reflect developing areas in which many have particular interest. We think the volume is timely and hope that the work described will be an encouragement for others.
Contents 11. 2. 2. Four Main Areas of Dispute 247 11. 2. 3. Summary . . . 248 11. 3. Making Sense of the Issues . . 248 11. 3. 1. Introduction . . . . 248 11. 3. 2. The Scientific Approach 248 11. 3. 3. Science and Matters of Society . 249 11. 3. 4. Summary . 251 11. 4. Tying It All Together . . . . 251 11. 4. 1. Introduction . . . . 251 11. 4. 2. A Unifying Framework 251 11. 4. 3. Critical Systems Thinking 253 11. 4. 4. Summary 254 11. 5. Conclusion 254 Questions . . . 255 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Chapter One SYSTEMS Origin and Evolution, Terms and Concepts 1. 1. INTRODUCTION We start this book with Theme A (see Figure P. I in the Preface), which aims to develop an essential and fundamental understanding of systems science. So, what is systems science? When asked to explain what systems science is all about, many systems scientists are confronted with a rather daunting task. The discipline tends to be presented and understood in a fragmented way and very few people hold an overview understanding of the subject matter, while also having sufficient in-depth competence in many and broad-ranging subject areas where the ideas are used. Indeed, it was precisely this difficulty that identified the need for a comprehensive well-documented account such as is presented here in Dealing with Complexity.
This unified modeling textbook for students of biomedical engineering provides a complete course text on the foundations, theory and practice of modeling and simulation in physiology and medicine. It is dedicated to the needs of biomedical engineering and clinical students, supported by applied BME applications and examples. . Developed for biomedical engineering and related courses: speaks to BME students at a level and in a language appropriate to their needs, with an interdisciplinary clinical/engineering approach, quantitative basis, and many applied examples to enhance learning . Delivers a quantitative approach to modeling and also covers simulation: the perfect foundation text for studies across BME and medicine . Extensive case studies and engineering applications from BME, plus end-of-chapter exercises and a separate Instructor's manual
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In virtually all countries concerns are being expressed over the rising cost of the medicines component of health budgets, the safety of medicines, their inappropriate use and more recently ethical issues arising from the use of therapies resulting from developments in molecular biology and genetics. Purchasers of pharmaceuticals demand value for money as well as efficacy and safety in order to use their resources more efficiently. Furthermore, they expect companies in the pharmaceutical industry to provide economic arguments for the use of each product. Pharmaceutical companies have responded by recognising that relative clinical benefits, quality of life, the effect on disease management and individual patient outcomes are more realistic measures by which their products can be judged and evaluated. The efficacy of a drug is determined primarily through randomised controlled clinical trials. However, because of the outcomes already described, it has become necessary to widen the scope of assessment to include not only measures of clinical effectiveness (outcome) and the evaluation of costs and cost benefits, but also the more subjective aspects of outcome such as patient preferences, values and quality of life. Given the volume of information available, its collation and interpretation is extremely complex making it difficult for the policy makers to give adequate consideration to all the relevant, competing and often conflicting factors. As a result, conclusions as to which drug therapy option is both the most effective clinically and the most efficient in the use of economic resources and thus generally acceptable may well be based on flawed judgements. To support the process of health and medicines policy making, the new disciplines of pharmaceutical outcomes research and pharmacoeconomics need to make full use of the advances that have occurred in medical informatics as well as the "sister" discipline of bio-informatics. In this volume "Decisions, Computers and Medicines" the authors introduce the formal methods of medical and bio-informatics that are relevant to the qualitative and quantitative aspects of complex decision making when establishing medicines policies.
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