R Lee Lyman's Books

Applying Evolutionary Archaeology

A Systematic Approach

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

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Applying Evolutionary Archaeology

A Systematic Approach

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

Anthropology, and by extension archaeology, has had a long-standing interest in evolution in one or several of its various guises. Pick up any lengthy treatise on humankind written in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the chances are good that the word evolution will appear somewhere in the text. If for some reason the word itself is absent, the odds are excellent that at least the concept of change over time will have a central role in the discussion. After one of the preeminent (and often vilified) social scientists of the nineteenth century, Herbert Spencer, popularized the term in the 1850s, evolution became more or less a household word, usually being used synonymously with change, albeit change over extended periods of time. Later, through the writings of Edward Burnett Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, and others, the notion of evolution as it applies to stages of social and political development assumed a prominent position in anthropological disc- sions. To those with only a passing knowledge of American anthropology, it often appears that evolutionism in the early twentieth century went into a decline at the hands of Franz Boas and those of similar outlook, often termed particularists. However, it was not evolutionism that was under attack but rather comparativism— an approach that used the ethnographic present as a key to understanding how and why past peoples lived the way they did (Boas 1896).

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481

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Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

0306474689

ISBN 13

9780306474682

Prehistory of the Oregon Coast

The Effects of Excavation Strategies and Assemblage Size on Archaeological Inquiry

By: R Lee Lyman

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Prehistory of the Oregon Coast

The Effects of Excavation Strategies and Assemblage Size on Archaeological Inquiry

By: R Lee Lyman

This book is the first synthesis of the prehistory of the coast of Oregon. It analyzes the artifacts and mammalian faunal remains of three representative sites on the coast. A model of the evolution of cultural adaptational strategies is presented and tested, from which it creates a model of coastal cultural development. On a methodological level, the volume examines the overriding importance and effects of various sampling techniques.

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522

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1315421992

ISBN 13

9781315421995

Theodore E. White and the Development of Zooarchaeology in North America

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Theodore E. White and the Development of Zooarchaeology in North America

By: R. Lee Lyman

Theodore E. White and the Development of Zooarchaeology in North America illuminates the researcher and his lasting contribution to a field that has largely ignored him in its history. The few brief histories of North American zooarchaeology suggest that Paul W. Parmalee, John E. Guilday, Elizabeth S. Wing, and Stanley J. Olsen laid the foundation of the field. Only occasionally is Theodore White (1905-77) included, yet his research is instrumental for understanding the development of zooarchaeology in North America. R. Lee Lyman works to fill these gaps in the historical record and revisits some of White's analytical innovations from a modern perspective. A comparison of publications shows that not only were White's zooarchaeological articles first in print in archaeological venues but that he was also, at least initially, more prolific than his contemporaries. While the other "founders" of the field were anthropologists, White was a paleontologist by training who studied long-extinct animals and their evolutionary histories. In working with remains of modern mammals, the typical paleontological research questions were off the table simply because the animals under study were too recent. And yet White demonstrated clearly that scholars could infer significant information about human behaviors and cultures. Lyman presents a biography of Theodore White as a scientist and a pioneer in the emerging field of modern anthropological zooarchaeology. "--

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210

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U of Nebraska Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0803290527

ISBN 13

9780803290525

Method and Theory in American Archaeology

By: Gordon R. Willey,Philip Phillips

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Method and Theory in American Archaeology

By: Gordon R. Willey,Philip Phillips

A Dan Josselyn Memorial Publication This invaluable classic provides the framework for the development of American archaeology during the last half of the 20th century. In 1958 Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips first published Method and Theory in American Archaeology—a volume that went through five printings, the last in 1967 at the height of what became known as the new, or processual, archaeology. The advent of processual archaeology, according to Willey and Phillips, represented a "theoretical debate . . . a question of whether archaeology should be the study of cultural history or the study of cultural process." Willey and Phillips suggested that little interpretation had taken place in American archaeology, and their book offered an analytical perspective; the methods they described and the structural framework they used for synthesizing American prehistory were all geared toward interpretation. Method and Theory served as the catalyst and primary reader on the topic for over a decade. This facsimile reprint edition of the original University of Chicago Press volume includes a new foreword by Gordon R. Willey, which outlines the state of American archaeology at the time of the original publication, and a new introduction by the editors to place the book in historical context. The bibliography is exhaustive. Academic libraries, students, professionals, and knowledgeable amateurs will welcome this new edition of a standard-maker among texts on American archaeology.

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371

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University of Alabama Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0817310886

ISBN 13

9780817310882

Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology

A History of Graph Types

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology

A History of Graph Types

By: R. Lee Lyman

Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. Scientific graphs facilitate the visual thinking that allow archaeologists to determine the relationship between variables, and, if well designed, comprehend the processes implied by the relationship. Different graph types suggest different ontologies and theories of change, and particular techniques of parsing temporally continuous morphological variation of artefacts into types influence graph form. North American archaeologists have grappled with finding a graph that effectively and efficiently displays culture change over time. Line graphs, bar graphs, and numerous one-off graph types were used between 1910 and 1950, after which spindle graphs displaying temporal frequency distributions of specimens within each of multiple artefact types emerged as the most readily deciphered diagram. The variety of graph types used over the twentieth century indicate archaeologists often mixed elements of both Darwinian variational evolutionary change and Midas-touch like transformational change. Today, there is minimal discussion of graph theory or graph grammar in introductory archaeology textbooks or advanced texts, and elements of the two theories of evolution are still mixed. Culture has changed, and archaeology provides unique access to the totality of humankind's cultural past. It is therefore crucial that graph theory, construction, and decipherment are revived in archaeological discussion.

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397

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0198871155

ISBN 13

9780198871156

Vertebrate Taphonomy

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Vertebrate Taphonomy

By: R. Lee Lyman

Taphonomy studies the transition of organic matter from the biosphere into the geological record. It is particularly relevant to zooarchaeologists and paleobiologists, who analyse organic remains in the archaeological record in an attempt to reconstruct hominid subsistence patterns and paleoecological conditions. In this user-friendly, encyclopedic reference volume for students and professionals, R. Lee Lyman, a leading researcher in taphonomy, reviews the wide range of analytical techniques used to solve particular zooarchaeological problems, illustrating these in most cases with appropriate examples. He also covers the history of taphonomic research and its philosophical underpinnings. Logically organised and clearly written, the book is an important update on all previous publications on archaeological faunal remains.

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558

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1316154173

ISBN 13

9781316154175

Paleozoology and Paleoenvironments

Fundamentals, Assumptions, Techniques

By: J. Tyler Faith,R. Lee Lyman

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Paleozoology and Paleoenvironments

Fundamentals, Assumptions, Techniques

By: J. Tyler Faith,R. Lee Lyman

Outlines the ecological fundamentals, assumptions, and techniques for reconstructing past environments using fossil animals from archaeological and paleontological sites.

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415

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1108480357

ISBN 13

9781108480352

Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils

The Backbone of Archaeological Dating

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

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Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils

The Backbone of Archaeological Dating

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

It is difficult for today's students of archaeology to imagine an era when chronometric dating methods were unavailable. However, even a casual perusal of the large body of literature that arose during the first half of the twentieth century reveals a battery of clever methods used to determine the relative ages of archaeological phenomena, often with considerable precision. Stratigraphic excavation is perhaps the best known of the various relative-dating methods used by prehistorians. Although there are several techniques of using artifacts from superposed strata to measure time, these are rarely if ever differentiated. Rather, common practice is to categorize them under the heading `stratigraphic excavation'. This text distinguishes among the several techniques and argues that stratigraphic excavation tends to result in discontinuous measures of time - a point little appreciated by modern archaeologists. Although not as well known as stratigraphic excavation, two other methods of relative dating have figured important in Americanist archaeology: seriation and the use of index fossils. The latter (like stratigraphic excavation) measures time discontinuously, while the former - in various guises - measures time continuously. Perhaps no other method used in archaeology is as misunderstood as seriation, and the authors provide detailed descriptions and examples of each of its three different techniques. Each method and technique of relative dating is placed in historical perspective, with particular focus on developments in North America, an approach that allows a more complete understanding of the methods described, both in terms of analytical technique and disciplinary history. This text will appeal to all archaeologists, from graduate students to seasoned professionals, who want to learn more about the backbone of archaeological dating.

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262

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Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

030647168X

ISBN 13

9780306471681

The Rise and Fall of Culture History

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael J. O'Brien,Robert C. Dunnell

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The Rise and Fall of Culture History

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael J. O'Brien,Robert C. Dunnell

This volume presents an insightful critical analysis of the culture history approach to Americanist anthropology. Reasons for the acceptance and incorporation of important concepts, as well as the paradigm's strengths and weaknesses, are discussed in detail. The framework for this analysis is founded on the contrast between two metaphysics used by evolutionary biologists in discussing their own discipline: materialistic/populational thinking and essentialistic/typological thinking. Employing this framework, the authors show not only why the culture history paradigm lost favor in the 1960s, but also which of its aspects need to be retained if archaeology is ever to produce a viable theory of culture change.

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278

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Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

0585304521

ISBN 13

9780585304526

James A. Ford and the Growth of Americanist Archaeology

By: Michael John O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

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James A. Ford and the Growth of Americanist Archaeology

By: Michael John O'Brien,R. Lee Lyman

Tells the story of Ford's role in the development of culture history, the dominant paradigm in archaeology from 1914 through 1960. Provides a glimpse of how archaeologists began using a variety of methods to attain spatial and temporal control over an exceedingly diverse and complex archaeological record. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

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418

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University of Missouri Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0826211844

ISBN 13

9780826211842

The Acceleration of Cultural Change

From Ancestors to Algorithms

By: R. Alexander Bentley,Michael J. O'Brien

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The Acceleration of Cultural Change

From Ancestors to Algorithms

By: R. Alexander Bentley,Michael J. O'Brien

How culture evolves through algorithms rather than knowledge inherited from ancestors. From our hunter-gatherer days, we humans evolved to be excellent throwers, chewers, and long-distance runners. We are highly social, crave Paleolithic snacks, and display some gendered difference resulting from mate selection. But we now find ourselves binge-viewing, texting while driving, and playing Minecraft. Only the collective acceleration of cultural and technological evolution explains this development. The evolutionary psychology of individuals—the drive for “food and sex”—explains some of our current habits, but our evolutionary success, Alex Bentley and Mike O'Brien explain, lies in our ability to learn cultural know-how and to teach it to the next generation. Today, we are following social media bots as much as we are learning from our ancestors. We are radically changing the way culture evolves. Bentley and O'Brien describe how the transmission of culture has become vast and instantaneous across an Internet of people and devices, after millennia of local ancestral knowledge that evolved slowly. Long-evolved cultural knowledge is aggressively discounted by online algorithms, which prioritize popularity and recency. If children are learning more from Minecraft than from tradition, this is a profound shift in cultural evolution. Bentley and O'Brien examine the broad and shallow model of cultural evolution seen today in the science of networks, prediction markets, and the explosion of digital information. They suggest that in the future, artificial intelligence could be put to work to solve the problem of information overload, learning to integrate concepts over the vast idea space of digitally stored information.

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176

Publisher

MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262036959

ISBN 13

9780262036955

Quantitative Paleozoology

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Quantitative Paleozoology

By: R. Lee Lyman

Quantitative Paleozoology describes and illustrates how the remains of long-dead animals recovered from archaeological and paleontological excavations can be studied and analyzed. The methods range from determining how many animals of each species are represented to determining whether one collection consists of more broken and more burned bones than another. All methods are described and illustrated with data from real collections, while numerous graphs illustrate various quantitative properties.

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309

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1139471120

ISBN 13

9781139471121

Prehistory of the Oregon Coast

The Effects of Excavation Strategies and Assemblage Size on Archaeological Inquiry

By: R Lee Lyman

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Prehistory of the Oregon Coast

The Effects of Excavation Strategies and Assemblage Size on Archaeological Inquiry

By: R Lee Lyman

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522

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Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1315421992

ISBN 13

9781315421995

The Roses

The Nuckolls Family, the Lyman Family, and One Hundred Fifty Immigrants Who Helped Shape America

By: Charles R. Nuckolls Jr.

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The Roses

The Nuckolls Family, the Lyman Family, and One Hundred Fifty Immigrants Who Helped Shape America

By: Charles R. Nuckolls Jr.

Explore the history of immigration to the United States through the eyes of two of its earliest familiesthe Nuckollses and the Lymans. Charles R. Nuckolls Jr. examines the religious strife, war, and other problems that forced his descendants and others to flee to the New World. His examination of his familys role in historic events provides a framework for understanding the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the beginnings of government in the United States. The Roses presents the history of the Lyman family in New England and then follows the Nuckolls family of Virginia as they head west. It will take all of their strength and courage to survive financial panics, wars, and social upheavals. An examination of the roles the Lymans and Nuckollses played in the founding of various colonies, the American Revolution, and other important events helps convey the important position immigrants held in the development of America. Take a detailed look at how immigrants contributed to the rise of America and how they survived difficult times in The Roses: The Nuckolls Family, the Lyman Family, and One Hundred Fifty Immigrants Who Helped Shape America.

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675

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iUniverse

Published Date

ISBN 10

1450256066

ISBN 13

9781450256063

Triangulating Archaeological Landscapes

By: R. Scott Byram

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Triangulating Archaeological Landscapes

By: R. Scott Byram

Archaeologist Scott Byram presents results from in-depth study of the manuscript records of the U.S. Coast Survey at the National Archives in Maryland. The volume includes photos and scans of numerous hand drawn topographic maps, sketches, and notebook pages depicting dozens of California archaeological sites, from shipwrecks to shell mounds. Methods are presented for using this archival collection in numerous West Coast settings. This research led to the recent rediscovery of the Lone Woman's Cave on San Nicolas Island, relocation and excavation of the 1852 military shipwreck survivor site known as Camp Castaway, and the definitive mapping of Lewis and Clark's Fort Clatsop. Over 50 archaeological and historical sites in California are illuminated using the nineteenth century maps and field notes, most of which have not previously been available to researchers.

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124

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Lulu.com

Published Date

ISBN 10

0989002217

ISBN 13

9780989002219

Measuring Time with Artifacts

A History of Methods in American Archaeology

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael John O'Brien

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Measuring Time with Artifacts

A History of Methods in American Archaeology

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael John O'Brien

Combining historical research with a lucid explication of archaeological methodology and reasoning, Measuring Time with Artifacts examines the origins and changing use of fundamental chronometric techniques and procedures and analyzes the different ways American archaeologists have studied changes in artifacts, sites, and peoples over time. In highlighting the underpinning ontology and epistemology of artifact-based chronometers?cultural transmission and how to measure it archaeologically?this volume covers issues such as why archaeologists used the cultural evolutionism of L. H. Morgan, E. B. Tylor, L. A. White, and others instead of biological evolutionism; why artifact classification played a critical role in the adoption of stratigraphic excavation; how the direct historical approach accomplished three analytical tasks at once; why cultural traits were important analytical units; why paleontological and archaeological methods sometimes mirror one another; how artifact classification influences chronometric method; and how graphs illustrate change in artifacts over time. An understanding of the history of artifact-based chronometers enables us to understand how we know what we think we know about the past, ensures against modern misapplication of the methods, and sheds light on the reasoning behind archaeologists' actions during the first half of the twentieth century.

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359

Publisher

U of Nebraska Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0803280521

ISBN 13

9780803280526

The Importance of Small Decisions

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Alexander Bentley,William A. Brock

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The Importance of Small Decisions

By: Michael J. O'Brien,R. Alexander Bentley,William A. Brock

How people make decisions in an era of too much information and fake news. Humans originally evolved in a world of few choices. Prehistoric, preindustrial, and predigital eras required fewer decisions than today's all-access, always-on world of too much information. Economists have largely discarded the idea that agents act rationally and the market follows suit. It seems that no matter how small or innocuous a decision might seem, there's almost no way to guess the effect it might have. The authors of The Importance of Small Decisions view decisions and their outcomes from a different perspective: as key elements in the evolution of culture. In this trailblazing book, they examine different kinds of decisions and map the outcomes, both short- and long-term. Drawing on this, they introduce a map of social behavior that captures the essential elements of human decision-making. The authors look at the New England Patriots' decision in 2000 to draft an underachieving college quarterback named Tom Brady; they consider Warren Buffett's investment strategy; and they chart the “dancing landscape” of a college applicant's decision-making environment. Finally, they show that decisions can be ranked according to transparency of choice and social influence. When fake news seems indistinguishable from real news and when the internet offers a cacophony of voices, they warn, we can't afford to crowdsource our decisions.

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161

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MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262039745

ISBN 13

9780262039741

The Menial Art of Cooking

Archaeological Studies of Cooking and Food Preparation

By: Sarah R. Graff,Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría

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The Menial Art of Cooking

Archaeological Studies of Cooking and Food Preparation

By: Sarah R. Graff,Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría

Although the archaeology of food has long played an integral role in our understanding of past cultures, the archaeology of cooking is rarely integrated into models of the past. The cooks who spent countless hours cooking and processing food are overlooked and the forgotten players in the daily lives of our ancestors. The Menial Art of Cooking shows how cooking activities provide a window into other aspects of society and, as such, should be taken seriously as an aspect of social, cultural, political, and economic life. This book examines techniques and technologies of food preparation, the spaces where food was cooked, the relationship between cooking and changes in suprahousehold economies, the religious and symbolic aspects of cooking, the relationship between cooking and social identity, and how examining foodways provides insight into social relations of production, distribution, and consumption. Contributors use a wide variety of evidence—including archaeological data; archival research; analysis of ceramics, fauna, botany, glass artifacts, stone tools, murals, and painted ceramics; ethnographic analogy; and the distribution of artifacts across space—to identify evidence of cooking and food processing left by ancient cooks. The Menial Art of Cooking is the first archaeological volume focused on cooking and food preparation in prehistoric and historic settings around the world and will interest archaeologists, social anthropologists, sociologists, and other scholars studying cooking and food preparation or subsistence.

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269

Publisher

University Press of Colorado

Published Date

ISBN 10

1457117479

ISBN 13

9781457117473

Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology

A History of Graph Types

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology

A History of Graph Types

By: R. Lee Lyman

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397

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Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0192644556

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9780192644558

Theodore E. White and the Development of Zooarchaeology in North America

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Theodore E. White and the Development of Zooarchaeology in North America

By: R. Lee Lyman

Appendix: "Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples, No. 10: Bison Bone from the Oldham Site," by Theodore E. White -- Notes -- References -- Index

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282

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U of Nebraska Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0803285574

ISBN 13

9780803285576

W. C. McKern and the Midwestern Taxonomic Method

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael J. O'Brien

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W. C. McKern and the Midwestern Taxonomic Method

By: R. Lee Lyman,Michael J. O'Brien

This volume explains the deep influence of biological methods and theories on the practice of Americanist archaeology by exploring W.C. McKern's use of Linnaean taxonomy as the model for development of a pottery classification system.

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318

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University of Alabama Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0817312226

ISBN 13

9780817312220

Vertebrate Taphonomy

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Vertebrate Taphonomy

By: R. Lee Lyman

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558

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Cambridge University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0521458404

ISBN 13

9780521458405

Quantitative Paleozoology

By: R. Lee Lyman

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Quantitative Paleozoology

By: R. Lee Lyman

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309

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Cambridge University Press

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ISBN 10

1139471120

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9781139471121

Paleozoology and Paleoenvironments

Fundamentals, Assumptions, Techniques

By: J. Tyler Faith,R. Lee Lyman

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Paleozoology and Paleoenvironments

Fundamentals, Assumptions, Techniques

By: J. Tyler Faith,R. Lee Lyman

Paleozoology and Paleoenvironments outlines the reconstruction of ancient climates, floras, and habitats on the basis of animal fossil remains recovered from archaeological and paleontological sites. In addition to outlining the ecological fundamentals and analytical assumptions attending such analyzes, J. Tyler Faith and R. Lee Lyman describe and critically evaluate many of the varied analytical techniques that have been applied to paleozoological remains for the purpose of paleoenvironmental reconstruction. These techniques range from analyses based on the presence or abundance of species in a fossil assemblage to those based on taxon-free ecological characterizations. All techniques are illustrated using faunal data from archaeological or paleontological contexts. Aimed at students and professionals, this volume will serve as fundamental resource for courses in zooarchaeology, paleontology, and paleoecology.

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