Summary: The volumes in the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies series focus on key issues for health policy-making in Europe. This book is a joint venture between the WHO/EO and the EuroDRG which addresses the challenges of using Diagnosis Related Group systems in Europe.
The history of aluminum: metallurgy, engineering, global business and politics--and the advance of civilization itself. The earth's most abundant metal, aluminum remained largely inaccessible until after the Industrial Revolution. A precious commodity in 1850s, it later became a strategic resource: while steel won World War I, aluminum won World War II. A generation later, it would make space travel possible and the 1972 Pioneer spacecraft would carry a message from mankind to extraterrestrial life, engraved on an aluminum plate. Today aluminum, along with oil, is the natural resource driving geopolitics, and China has taken the lead in manufacture.
Ohio sent eight presidents to the White House--one Whig and seven Republicans--from 1841 to 1923: William Harrison, U.S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Taft and Warren Harding. Collectively their social policies and beliefs formed a unified philosophy and legacy. Ohio republicanism--an alliance of Christianity, populism, nationalism, industrialism and conservative economics--dominated politics across America from 1860 to 1930. Initially several factions in search of a party, it morphed from the anti-slavery Whig Party of Abraham Lincoln and swallowed up a group of single-issue parties, including the Abolition and Free Soil parties, under a national banner. The ghost of Ohio republicanism can still be seen today.
This is a biography of Westinghouse, genius inventor from railroad and gas distribution equipment to the corporate model of invention and research. He surpassed Edison in electricity pioneering and in managing workers too; but they both lost their companies in the panic of 1907. The bank always wins.
Background: mHealth refers to the use of mobile phones for health care and public health practice. The reasons of deaths in developing countries are shifting from communicable diseases towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We review studies assessing the health-related impacts of mobile health (mHealth) on NCDs in low- and middle- income countries (LAMICs) with the aim of giving recommendations for their further development. Methods: A systematic literature search of three major databases was performed in order to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mHealth interventions. Identified RCTs were reviewed concerning effects of the interventions on health-related outcomes. Results: The search algorithms retrieved 733 titles. 6 RCTs were included in the review, including a total of 1850 participants. MHealth was found to have positively influenced clinical outcomes, compliance rates, as well as quality of life related aspects. Furthermore, other outcomes such as patients’ anxiety or patient-physician trust improved significantly. We also found that tailored interventions using a single service for the transmission (e.?g. only SMS) showed the most positive effect. Limiting factors of the evaluation however, were the few numbers of RCTs, the heterogeneity of outcome measures and the fact that all included studies were conducted in middle income countries and mostly in urban areas. Conclusions: Although mHealth is still in its infancy, it can emerge as an important tool for fighting NCDs in LAMICs. Therefore, further support by governmental institutions for coordinating and promoting the development of the required tools, as well as further research especially in low-income economies, with a focus on the evaluation of the long-term effects of mHealth is needed. Hintergrund: Die Todesursachen in Entwicklungsländern verschieben sich kontinuierlich von übertragbaren hin zu nicht-übertragbaren Krankheiten (NCDs). Deshalb werden in diesem systematischen Review gesundheitsbezogene Einflüsse von mobile Health (mHealth) Interventionen zur Bekämpfung von NCDs in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern (LAMICs) untersucht, um Einschätzungen zur bisherigen und Empfehlungen zur weiteren Entwicklung zu geben. Methode: Eine systematische Literatursuche in drei großen Datenbanken wurde durchgeführt um randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) von mHealth Interventionen in LAMICs zu identifizieren. Die ermittelten RCTs wurden hinsichtlich der Effekte von mHealth Interventionen auf gesundheitsbezogene Parameter ausgewertet. Resultate: Von insgesamt 733 erfassten Titeln wurden 6 RCTs mit 1850 Teilnehmern einbezogen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass mHealth einen positiven Einfluss auf klinische Resultate, Compliance-Raten, sowie Lebensqualitäts-bezogene Aspekte hat. Zudem verbesserten sich im Rahmen der Interventionen weitere Faktoren wie das Vertrauen zwischen Patient und Arzt oder Ängste der Patienten. Ferner wurde festgestellt, dass individualisierte Interventionen bessere Resultate als generalisierte Interventionen erzielen. Limitierende Faktoren bei diesem Review waren die geringe Anzahl an RCTs, die Heterogenität der evaluierten Parameter und der Umstand, dass fast alle inkludierten Studien in urbanen Gebieten von Schwellenländern durchgeführt worden sind. Schlussfolgerung: mHealth kann zu einem wichtigen Instrument bei der Bekämpfung von NCDs in LAMICs heranwachsen. Dazu ist jedoch eine stärkere Unterstützung insbesondere von staatlichen Institutionen unumgänglich. Zudem müssen zukünftige Forschungen einen Fokus auf Langzeit-Effekte insbesondere in einkommensschwachen Ländern haben.
Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) systems were introduced in Europe to increase the transparency of services provided by hospitals and to incentivise greater efficiency in the use of resources invested in acute hospitals. In many countries, these systems were also designed to contribute to improving – or at least protecting – the quality of care. After more than a decade of experience with using DRGs in Europe, this book considers whether the extensive use of DRGs has contributed towards achieving these objectives. Written by authors with extensive experience of these systems, this book is a product of the EuroDRG project and constitutes an important resource for health policy-makers and researchers from Europe and beyond. The book is intended to contribute to the emergence of a ‘common language’ that will facilitate communication between researchers and policy-makers interested in improving the functioning and resourcing of the acute hospital sector. The book includes: A clearly structured introduction to the main ‘building blocks’ of DRG systems An overview of key issues related to DRGs including their impact on efficiency, quality, unintended effects and technological innovation in health care 12 country chapters - Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden Clearly structured and detailed information about the most important DRG system characteristics in each of these countries Useful insights for countries and regions in Europe and beyond interested in introducing, extending and/ or optimising DRG systems within the hospital sector
Background: mHealth refers to the use of mobile phones for health care and public health practice. The reasons of deaths in developing countries are shifting from communicable diseases towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We review studies assessing the health-related impacts of mobile health (mHealth) on NCDs in low- and middle- income countries (LAMICs) with the aim of giving recommendations for their further development. Methods: A systematic literature search of three major databases was performed in order to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mHealth interventions. Identified RCTs were reviewed concerning effects of the interventions on health-related outcomes. Results: The search algorithms retrieved 733 titles. 6 RCTs were included in the review, including a total of 1850 participants. MHealth was found to have positively influenced clinical outcomes, compliance rates, as well as quality of life related aspects. Furthermore, other outcomes such as patients’ anxiety or patient-physician trust improved significantly. We also found that tailored interventions using a single service for the transmission (e.?g. only SMS) showed the most positive effect. Limiting factors of the evaluation however, were the few numbers of RCTs, the heterogeneity of outcome measures and the fact that all included studies were conducted in middle income countries and mostly in urban areas. Conclusions: Although mHealth is still in its infancy, it can emerge as an important tool for fighting NCDs in LAMICs. Therefore, further support by governmental institutions for coordinating and promoting the development of the required tools, as well as further research especially in low-income economies, with a focus on the evaluation of the long-term effects of mHealth is needed. Hintergrund: Die Todesursachen in Entwicklungsländern verschieben sich kontinuierlich von übertragbaren hin zu nicht-übertragbaren Krankheiten (NCDs). Deshalb werden in diesem systematischen Review gesundheitsbezogene Einflüsse von mobile Health (mHealth) Interventionen zur Bekämpfung von NCDs in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern (LAMICs) untersucht, um Einschätzungen zur bisherigen und Empfehlungen zur weiteren Entwicklung zu geben. Methode: Eine systematische Literatursuche in drei großen Datenbanken wurde durchgeführt um randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) von mHealth Interventionen in LAMICs zu identifizieren. Die ermittelten RCTs wurden hinsichtlich der Effekte von mHealth Interventionen auf gesundheitsbezogene Parameter ausgewertet. Resultate: Von insgesamt 733 erfassten Titeln wurden 6 RCTs mit 1850 Teilnehmern einbezogen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass mHealth einen positiven Einfluss auf klinische Resultate, Compliance-Raten, sowie Lebensqualitäts-bezogene Aspekte hat. Zudem verbesserten sich im Rahmen der Interventionen weitere Faktoren wie das Vertrauen zwischen Patient und Arzt oder Ängste der Patienten. Ferner wurde festgestellt, dass individualisierte Interventionen bessere Resultate als generalisierte Interventionen erzielen. Limitierende Faktoren bei diesem Review waren die geringe Anzahl an RCTs, die Heterogenität der evaluierten Parameter und der Umstand, dass fast alle inkludierten Studien in urbanen Gebieten von Schwellenländern durchgeführt worden sind. Schlussfolgerung: mHealth kann zu einem wichtigen Instrument bei der Bekämpfung von NCDs in LAMICs heranwachsen. Dazu ist jedoch eine stärkere Unterstützung insbesondere von staatlichen Institutionen unumgänglich. Zudem müssen zukünftige Forschungen einen Fokus auf Langzeit-Effekte insbesondere in einkommensschwachen Ländern haben.
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