Pharmacognosy" is a Greek word, derived from pharmakon means drug, and gnosis means knowledge. It is the study of the crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, animals and minerals including their morphological, chemical, and biological properties as well as history, cultivation, collection, extraction, isolation, bioassay, and their standardization for biological, chemical, biochemical, and physical properties. The objective of the study of “pharmacognosy” is for safe use of herbal drugs including their side effects, toxicity, drug interaction, etc thereby increasing effectiveness in modern medicine. Like any other scientific area, since the introduction of Pharmacognosy some 200 years ago, it has evolved over the years, and now Pharmacognosy can be defined as the science of biogenic or naturally derived drugs, pharmaceuticals and poisons. Various modern analytical techniques are used to authenticate and standardization of the crude drugs. De materia medica is a pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants written by Dioscorides between 50 and 70 CE in which about 600 plants are placed. Keeping the requirements of the curriculum for the students of Bachelor of Pharmacy and Diploma in Pharmacy under Pharmacy Council of India in view, the authors of Concise Encyclopedia of Herbal Drugs have put a small effort to bring 134 herbal drugs with their synonym, biological name, family, source, uses, chemical constituents, chemical identification tests, adulterant, picture of the drug and the chemical structure of one of the major constituents with this book. Pictures are collected from search engine google. The chemical structures of the phyto constituents are drawn using software Chemdraw version 12.0. As the monograph of the herbal drugs too difficult to memorize so the authors concise the monograph and along with provided a large coloured picture of the drug to make it attractive for the students to read and memorize. It would be grateful to the readers if they draw the attention to the deficiencies and errors that might have remained. We express our sincere gratitude to all who have extended their cooperation and help in completion of this book. Hope, this book would be well accepted by the students and teacher community.
Pharmaceutics is a broad field which is connected to and focused on discovering, formulating, optimizing, and manufacturing various dosage forms, along with their standardization. One of the most important distinctions between Industrial Pharmacy and other branches of Pharmaceutics is the strict requirements of pharmaceutical industry for good manufacturing practice (GMP). To excel as a pharmaceutical formulator, you must be able to handle the increasingly complex risk-based GMP demands from early conceptual design, qualification and validation to practical developmental implementation and execution of a pharmaceutical quality system. Keeping the requirements of B. Pharm 1st semester pharmacy students in view, an effort has been taken to present 32 experiments in this book as per the requirement mentioned by PCI syllabus. All the experiments are presented with theory, principle, procedure, use and storage along with tabulations. I hope the students will like to utilize this book while performing the experiments for Industrial Pharmacy and will definitely get acquainted with the concepts with greater precision. The concerned faculties will definitely appreciate this book as a handbook to train their students. For the improvement of the quality of the Pharmaceutics I Laboratory Manual suggestions and criticisms from all corners of profession are greatly welcome. I would be grateful to the readers if they draw my attention to the deficiencies and errors that might have remained.
In order to gain a better understanding of the chemical molecules available in nature, scientists synthesize those molecules and investigated their structural environment. For the synthesis of a complex molecule considerable number of individual reactions leading in sequence from available starting materials to the desired end product. Molecules are made up of atoms of different elements, joined together by chemical bonds. To plan the route of chemical synthesis, scientists usually visualize the end product and work backward toward increasingly simpler molecules. For many molecules, it is possible to establish alternative synthetic routes. The ones actually used depend on many factors, such as cost and availability of starting materials, the amount of energy needed to make the reaction proceed at a satisfactory rate, and the cost of separating and purifying the end products. Moreover, knowledge of the reaction mechanism and the function of the chemical structure (or behaviour of the functional groups) helps to accurately determine the most-favoured pathway that leads to the desired reaction product. The authors of this book put their effort to bring strategies for the synthesis of few bioactive molecules in the institutional laboratory. Basically the strategies are planned for the under graduate level pharmacy students as per the curriculum prescribed by Pharmacy Council of India.
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