Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important starter cultures in the dairy industry for the manufacture of a variety of fermented probiotic dairy products. Presently, four subspecies of L. lactis have been recognized, i.e. L. lactis ssp. cremoris, ssp. hordniae, ssp. lactis (including biovar diacetylactis) and ssp. tructae. Amongst them, the two subspecies lactis and cremoris are industrially important. Development of new strains of these two subspecies as starter culture with distinct characteristics generally requires the identification up to sub-species level. Classical identification methods such as physiological and biochemical tests can not differentiate organisms at species and subspecies levels. Moreover, these traditional phenotype-based methods encounter many challenges and shortcomings which limit their applicability. New approaches such as molecular characterization have been developed in the recent past. The molecular techniques provide a new perspective for characterization of the “new lactococcal” strains. However, there is no unique approach suggested for molecular characterization of the indigenous strains. Continuous research is going on around the world to improve the methodology and applicability of these methods as well as to make them economic in use. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into all genotypic approaches for the identification of L. lactis.
Scientific Essay from the year 2016 in the subject Biology - Micro- and Molecular Biology, , language: English, abstract: The colonial diameter of Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis isolates on MRS agar was promoted by providing negative atmospheric pressure and /or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas in vacuum desiccator. In this study, application of negative atmospheric pressure or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas at 722 mmHg was observed for maximum (2.5 mm) colony size of L. lactis spp. lactis on agar surface. No significant difference was observed in the colonial diameter in the presence of negative atmospheric pressure or enrichment of negative atmosphere by CO2 gas at 722 to 608 mmHg pressure.
Document from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, , language: English, abstract: Packaging is a coordinated system for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use of goods. The packaging is effective sales tool capable of influencing consumer to purchase the product. Packaging Sector is now a Global Industry representing about 2% of the Gross National Product (GNP) of developed countries. Indian packaging industry is comprised of a large number of small scale companies and a few large integrated players. The Indian packaging industry shares about 4% at global scale. Packaging is growing @ 22-25% per annum and it is now the 5th largest sector of India's economy. The Indian packaging industry has enormous potential in export/import of goods. India’s food and beverage category constitutes about 40% of its Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) industry. The packaged food industry includes baked and convenience foods, dairy and confectionaries. The food packaging is a socioeconomic indicator of the gross domestic product and regional food availability. The dairy industry in India is providing opportunities for Indian entrepreneurs to get into the milk packaging sector. Spoilage of milk is a constant and distressing feature of our dairy industry, for which suitable and relevant packaging solutions can be employed. Considering the importance of fishery, it is very important to devote attention to produce and market good quality seafood products for both export and internal markets. With continually growing demand for processed, packed, convenient ready-to-eat and ready-to-serve meat and poultry products, a variety of specialized package profiles are available depending on the type of processing techniques and storage conditions. From fresh meat to cured meat, from pork to poultry, the purpose of packaging is mainly to make the products available to the customers in the most attractive form along with maintaining the quality of the contents. Packaging has a distinct impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of retail supply chains, where improvements can be achieved by adapting and developing the concept of packaging logistics. Models are needed to facilitate evaluations along the supply chain and to exhibit the activities of packaging logistics processes. Although packaging is recognized as having a distinct impact on the efficiency of logistical systems and activities like manufacturing, distribution, storage and handling in the supply chain several packaging dependent costs in the logistical system are overlooked by packaging designers.
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