The history of the application of semiconductors for controlling currents goes back all the way to 1926, in which Julius Lilienfeld led a patent for a “Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents” [1], which is considered the rst work on metal/semiconductor eld-effect transistors. More well-known is the work of William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in the 1940s [2, 3], after which the development of semiconductor devices commenced. In 1958, independent work from Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce ledto the invention of integrated circuits. A few milestones in IC design are the rst monolithic operational ampli er in 1963 (Fairchild?A702, Bob Widlar) and the rst o- chip 4-bit microprocessor in 1971 (Intel 4004). Ever since the start of the semiconductor history, integration plays an imp- tant role: starting from single devices, ICs with basic functions were developed (e. g. opamps, logic gates), followed by ICs that integrate larger parts of a s- tem (e. g. microprocessors, radio tuners, audio ampli ers). Following this trend of system integration, this eventually leads to the integration of analog and d- ital components in one chip, resulting in mixed-signal ICs: digital components are required because signal processing is preferably done in the digital - main; analog components are required because physical signals are analog by nature. Mixed-signal ICs are already widespread in many applications (e. g. - dio, video); for the future, it is expected that this trend will continue, leading to a larger scale of integration.
This text provides an introduction to the central tenets of economic theory. Each section of the book takes the reader from the elementary to the more advanced theories and applications, and is written from a Southern African perspective.
The history of the application of semiconductors for controlling currents goes back all the way to 1926, in which Julius Lilienfeld led a patent for a “Method and apparatus for controlling electric currents” [1], which is considered the rst work on metal/semiconductor eld-effect transistors. More well-known is the work of William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in the 1940s [2, 3], after which the development of semiconductor devices commenced. In 1958, independent work from Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce ledto the invention of integrated circuits. A few milestones in IC design are the rst monolithic operational ampli er in 1963 (Fairchild?A702, Bob Widlar) and the rst o- chip 4-bit microprocessor in 1971 (Intel 4004). Ever since the start of the semiconductor history, integration plays an imp- tant role: starting from single devices, ICs with basic functions were developed (e. g. opamps, logic gates), followed by ICs that integrate larger parts of a s- tem (e. g. microprocessors, radio tuners, audio ampli ers). Following this trend of system integration, this eventually leads to the integration of analog and d- ital components in one chip, resulting in mixed-signal ICs: digital components are required because signal processing is preferably done in the digital - main; analog components are required because physical signals are analog by nature. Mixed-signal ICs are already widespread in many applications (e. g. - dio, video); for the future, it is expected that this trend will continue, leading to a larger scale of integration.
This will help us customize your experience to showcase the most relevant content to your age group
Please select from below
Login
Not registered?
Sign up
Already registered?
Success – Your message will goes here
We'd love to hear from you!
Thank you for visiting our website. Would you like to provide feedback on how we could improve your experience?
This site does not use any third party cookies with one exception — it uses cookies from Google to deliver its services and to analyze traffic.Learn More.