``[In the book] we are dealing with a theme which cuts across the mathematics courses classically taught in the first four years of college. Thus it offers the reader the opportunity to learn, review and give long-term thought to the concepts covered in these programmes by following the guiding thread of this favoured number.'' --from the Preface This is a clever, beautiful book. The authors trace the thread of $\pi$ through the long history of mathematics. In so doing, they touch upon many major subjects in mathematics: geometry (of course), number theory, Galois theory, probability, transcendental numbers, analysis, and, as their crown jewel, the theory of elliptic functions, which connects many of the other subjects. By this device, the authors provide a tour through mathematics, one that mathematicians of all levels, amateur or professional, may appreciate. In many cases, the tour visits well-known topics from particular special interest groups. Remarkably, $\pi$ is often found at the places of deepest beauty. The volume includes many exercises with detailed solutions. Anyone from undergraduate mathematics majors through university professors will find many things to enjoy in this book.
Discover more Joy and grace in Holy Communion: You'll be surprised at how easy it is to break out of the dullness that obscures the glory of meeting our Lord in Communion. You'll learn how to approach Communion not as a duty, but as a preparation for heaven.
This volume deals with the classical Navier-Stokes system of equations governing the planar flow of incompressible, viscid fluid. It is a first-of-its-kind book, devoted to all aspects of the study of such flows, ranging from theoretical to numerical, including detailed accounts of classical test problems such as “driven cavity” and “double-driven cavity”.A comprehensive treatment of the mathematical theory developed in the last 15 years is elaborated, heretofore never presented in other books. It gives a detailed account of the modern compact schemes based on a “pure streamfunction” approach. In particular, a complete proof of convergence is given for the full nonlinear problem.This volume aims to present a variety of numerical test problems. It is therefore well positioned as a reference for both theoretical and applied mathematicians, as well as a text that can be used by graduate students pursuing studies in (pure or applied) mathematics, fluid dynamics and mathematical physics./a
A locally compact group has the Haagerup property, or is a-T-menable in the sense of Gromov, if it admits a proper isometric action on some affine Hilbert space. As Gromov's pun is trying to indicate, this definition is designed as a strong negation to Kazhdan's property (T), characterized by the fact that every isometric action on some affine Hilbert space has a fixed point. This book is to covers various aspects of the Haagerup property. It gives several new examples.
Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key features: Written by leading specialists active in concurrent developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D. Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV. Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells. Presents a compendium of PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies. Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering. Ideal for industrial engineers and scientists beginning careers in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research and high-level undergraduate students.
This text, covering a very large span of numerical methods and optimization, is primarily aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students. A background in calculus and linear algebra are the only mathematical requirements. The abundance of advanced methods and practical applications will be attractive to scientists and researchers working in different branches of engineering. The reader is progressively introduced to general numerical methods and optimization algorithms in each chapter. Examples accompany the various methods and guide the students to a better understanding of the applications. The user is often provided with the opportunity to verify their results with complex programming code. Each chapter ends with graduated exercises which furnish the student with new cases to study as well as ideas for exam/homework problems for the instructor. A set of programs made in MatlabTM is available on the author’s personal website and presents both numerical and optimization methods.
This monograph is devoted to the theory and approximation by finite volume methods of nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in one or two space variables. It follows directly a previous publication on hyperbolic systems of conservation laws by the same authors. Since the earlier work concentrated on the mathematical theory of multidimensional scalar conservation laws, this book will focus on systems and the theoretical aspects which are needed in the applications, such as the solution of the Riemann problem and further insights into more sophisticated problems, with special attention to the system of gas dynamics. This new edition includes more examples such as MHD and shallow water, with an insight on multiphase flows. Additionally, the text includes source terms and well-balanced/asymptotic preserving schemes, introducing relaxation schemes and addressing problems related to resonance and discontinuous fluxes while adding details on the low Mach number situation.
In this volume, a result of The CIME Summer School held in Cetraro, Italy, in 2006, four leading specialists present different aspects of quantum transport modeling. It provides an excellent basis for researchers in this field.
The purpose of this book is to give a clear and straightforward account of the remarkable properties of the nicotinic receptor for acetylcholine, a membrane protein involved in chemical transduction in the nervous system that is also the target of a widely used drug, nicotine. This molecule also happens to be the first pharmacological receptor and ion channel ever to have been identified. Jean-Pierre Changeux has played a leading role with Stuart J. Edelstein in the investigation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and allosteric proteins. The aim of this book is not only to review the most recent experimental and theoretical breakthroughs in the study of the nicotinic receptor, but also to give the reader a sense of the intellectual excitement and adventure that accompanied the various stages of discovery. This richly illustrated volume furnishes an exceptional opportunity for scientists and students to follow the course of a major advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of brain functions. Jean-Pierre Changeux is honorary professor at the Collège de France and at the Institut Pasteur, a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In addition to L’Homme neuronal [Neuronal Man] he is the author of Raison et Plaisir and L’Homme de vérité. He is also co-author, with Alain Connes, of Matière à penser [Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics] and, with Paul Ricœur, of La Nature et la Règle [What Makes Us Think?]. All thought-provoking works. Stuart J. Edelstein is Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva and a foreign associate member of the Academy of Sciences. "The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has served for many decades as the prototype for neurotransmitter receptors. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter shown to be involved in the fonction of the mammalian brain and its nicotinic receptor the first receptor to be characterized. Jean-Pierre Changeux is the indisputable pioneer in this field. This volume summarizes with great lucidity the history of a highly important topic in neuroscience." Paul Greengard, Nobel laureate in Medecine - The Rockefeller University "From the molecule to thought itself - an extraordinary journey! Changeux and Edelstein are uniquely qualified to relate this utterly fascinating story, whose philosophical implications are no less important than the scientific research underlying them." Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - ISIS-Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg "The human brain is as much a chemical as an electrical network. Its intricacy and sophistication set it apart from any known technical device. The groundbreaking papers by Monod, Jacob, Wyman, and Changeux in the 1960s on chemical regulation and control were eye-opening for all us who were doing experimental research in ths field, and they have turned out to be crucial for understanding biological evolution and learning in a broad sense. Since then Changeux and Edelstein have achieved international fame for their work on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, amply documented in this masterful account." Manfred Eigen, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen "One hesitates to call this book a monograph, for despite its comprehensive treatment of a complex subject it is not meant solely for specialized readers. In concentrating on a single class of neuroreceptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it seeks to draw out general principles which apply more widely. It will therefore be welcomed not only by serious workers and students in the field of neurobiology, but also by anyone interested in the broader field of neuroscience." Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS, Nobel laureate in Chemistry - University of Cambridge "Changeux and Edelstein have provided a concise yet highly comprehensive account of perhaps the prototypical neurotransmitter complex, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The story of how the roles played by this signal transduction system in nicotine dependence, learning, memory, and the processes of cognition came to be unraveled is an exciting saga, both beautiful and profound. A lovely historico-scientific document." Floyd E. Bloom, Professor Emeritus - The Scripps Research Institute "Changeux and Edelstein describe a classically Cartesian process of scientific investigation that leads to a most non-Cartesian conclusion. Having elucidated the mechanisms of action and interaction by which the various elements that make up the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor operate throughout the nervous system, from neuromuscular junctions to the brain itself, the authors turn to the role of thse structures and mechanisms in supporting cognition and giving access to consciousness - thus parting ways with Descartes and the view that the mind is able somehow to exist independently of the body. A work of truly remarkable erudition and insight." Roger Guillemin, Nobel laureate in Medicine - Salk Institute for Biological Studies “This book is unlike any recent scientific book. It is more like a forty-year research meeting in one of the world’s most creative neurobiology laboratories—an intellectual tour de fortcheat surveys the developmental trends and achievements of twentieth-century neuroscience in molecular, structural, and functional terms. The book therefore becomes an extraordinary educational saga, moving from Sir Henry Dale’s pharmacology of nicotine to genetic diseases involving mutations of the cation channel function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Research into these archetypal proteins has been carried out by pharmacologists, biochemists, molecular biologists, electrophysiologists, behavioral scientists, and geneticists, with Jean-Pierre Changeux and his coworkers participating in every aspect of this remarkable inquiry. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the workhorse of the fast actions of the chemical signal acetylcholine, abundantly transmitted in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. Thanks to their variable sub- unit composition they come in many flavors, mediating control of voluntary muscles in the periphery and helping to regulate reward functions, cognition, and memory in the brain. This rich functionality leads the authors to describe models of neuromuscular junction development as well a global workspace model of cognitive function and its role in effortful learning. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was among the first ligand-gated ion channels to be sequenced and studied by patch-clamp methods. It has been the object of neurobiological research in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States, with contributions of equal weight being made by many teams of researchers over a number of decades, all carefully chronicled and explained by the authors. This book is to be highly recommended to young scientists who want to discover into how many fields a single protein molecule can take them—from snake venom action to myasthenia gravis, addiction, learning, and schiz- ophrenia—if they are willing patiently to learn new research techniques rather than specialize in a single method or instrument. To investigate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in all its aspects requires a Renaissance mind, and it is exactly this that Changeux and Edelstein have brought to bear on one of the most studied topics in neuroscience of the last century.” TAMAS BARTFAI, Chair and Professor, Department of Neuropharmacology The Scripps Research Institute
The main general theorems on Lie Algebras are covered, roughly the content of Bourbaki's Chapter I.I have added some results on free Lie algebras, which are useful, both for Lie's theory itself (Campbell-Hausdorff formula) and for applications to pro-Jrgroups. of time prevented me from including the more precise theory of Lack semisimple Lie algebras (roots, weights, etc.); but, at least, I have given, as a last Chapter, the typical case ofal, . This part has been written with the help of F. Raggi and J. Tate. I want to thank them, and also Sue Golan, who did the typing for both parts. Jean-Pierre Serre Harvard, Fall 1964 Chapter I. Lie Algebras: Definition and Examples Let Ie be a commutativering with unit element, and let A be a k-module, then A is said to be a Ie-algebra if there is given a k-bilinear map A x A~ A (i.e., a k-homomorphism A0" A -+ A). As usual we may define left, right and two-sided ideals and therefore quo tients. Definition 1. A Lie algebra over Ie isan algebrawith the following properties: 1). The map A0i A -+ A admits a factorization A ®i A -+ A2A -+ A i.e., ifwe denote the imageof(x, y) under this map by [x, y) then the condition becomes for all x e k. [x, x)=0 2). (lx, II], z]+ny, z), x) + ([z, xl, til = 0 (Jacobi's identity) The condition 1) implies [x,1/]=-[1/, x).
The Essential Charcot Neuroarthropathy: Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and MRI Findings provides a comprehensive analysis of Charcot neuroarthropathy (or Charcot Foot) in diabetic patients. All aspects are covered, including epidemiology, biomechanics, pathophysiology, socioeconomic impacts, radiological findings, and differential diagnosis, with an emphasis on MRI. Chapters address the challenges of pre-and-post surgical management of Charcot neuroarthropathy and the role of unconventional imaging modalities in diagnosis. The book presents an analysis of the normal biomechanics of the ankle and foot, the biomechanical derangements of the ankle-foot unit (including abnormal gait) caused by diabetes Type II, and more. Finally, there is also a reference of the pathophysiology of diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy and its direct link with the development of Charcot neuroarthropathy foot. Diabetes-induced Charcot foot is frequently misunderstood, misinterpreted and misdiagnosed which can lead to confusion and detrimental management with reported high morbidity. - Presents a clear differentiation of Charcot neuroarthropathy with other conditions such as osteoarthritis, gout, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, the Madura foot, and others - Provides a state-of-art catalogue of all radiological features of Charcot neuroarthropathy with MRI - Describes the pre-and post-surgical procedures used for the management of Charcot neuroarthropathy and their socioeconomic impacts - Includes MRI color images of soft tissue damages for ease of understanding
Myopathies and Tendinopathies of the Diabetic Foot: Anatomy, Pathomechanics, and Imaging is a unique reference of valuable instructive data that reinforces the understanding of myopathies and tendinopathies related to diabetes-induced Charcot foot. Diabetic myopathies usually precede other complications (i.e., deformity, ulceration, infection) seen in the diabetic foot. Oftentimes, these myopathies may be isolated especially during their initial stage. In the absence of clinical information relevant to diabetes, the solitaire occurrence of myopathies may lead to confusion, misinterpretation, and misdiagnosis. The misdiagnosis can cause delay of management and consequent high morbidity. This book emphasizes the complications of diabetic myopathies and tendinopathies and all their aspects, including pathophysiology, pathomechanics, imaging protocols, radiological manifestations, histological characteristics, and surgical management.Diabetes type II and its complications (diabetic myopathies and tendinopathies) have reached a dreadful high incidence worldwide. Likewise, the need for better understanding of these complications becomes indispensable. In this book, the readers of all genres will find all they need to know about these conditions. This book serves as a classic academic reference for educators, healthcare specialists, healthcare givers, and healthcare students. - Presents dedicated chapters on tendons and myotendinous junction which are anatomical components frequently ignored in the study of muscles - Includes descriptions of diabetic foot myopathies featured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Provides illustrations of myopathies and tendinopathies with state-of-the-art MRI images and MR imaging protocols for myopathies - Covers anatomical and biomechanic descriptions of all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
``[In the book] we are dealing with a theme which cuts across the mathematics courses classically taught in the first four years of college. Thus it offers the reader the opportunity to learn, review and give long-term thought to the concepts covered in these programmes by following the guiding thread of this favoured number.'' --from the Preface This is a clever, beautiful book. The authors trace the thread of $\pi$ through the long history of mathematics. In so doing, they touch upon many major subjects in mathematics: geometry (of course), number theory, Galois theory, probability, transcendental numbers, analysis, and, as their crown jewel, the theory of elliptic functions, which connects many of the other subjects. By this device, the authors provide a tour through mathematics, one that mathematicians of all levels, amateur or professional, may appreciate. In many cases, the tour visits well-known topics from particular special interest groups. Remarkably, $\pi$ is often found at the places of deepest beauty. The volume includes many exercises with detailed solutions. Anyone from undergraduate mathematics majors through university professors will find many things to enjoy in this book.
Discover more Joy and grace in Holy Communion: You'll be surprised at how easy it is to break out of the dullness that obscures the glory of meeting our Lord in Communion. You'll learn how to approach Communion not as a duty, but as a preparation for heaven.
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