The fundamental aspects of classical thermodynamics are presented in a simple compact way. The equations derived are illustrated by numerous (111) examples, often direct application of the relations just obtained. The (four) laws of thermodynamics are presented and illustrated. The need to define thermodynamic temperature, the meaning of auxiliary thermodynamic functions, the origin, usefulness and use of partial molar quantities are all examined. Gaseous systems, phase equilibria and chemical reactions are quantitatively treated. It is shown how chemical reactions can provide work. Ideal and non ideal solutions are presented with the various standard states and activity coefficients. This book will be of use to a wide audience of students and professionals in the fields of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Bio related Sciences. REVIEW Dr. Infelta has prepared a compact Introductory Thermodynamics book which will serve well for mature students who need a command of this important field. Undergraduate students will find the presentation logical, the examples thoughtful, and the coverage thorough. Students and professionals for whom memory or mastery of previous thermodynamics courses have dimmed, will find, in addition to the above virtues, careful derivation of the properties of non-ideal systems and emphasis on when to use these results instead of ideal system results, treatment of multireaction equilibria, and (a personal favorite) a succinct elucidation of that odd proposition of thermodynamics, Le Châtelier's Principle. These students will value this small volume packed with the power of classical thermodynamics. Lynn Melton, Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas, Dallas.
For graduate students familiar with low-dimensional topology and researchers in geometry and topology, Otal (CNRS-UMR 128, Lyon) offers a complete proof of Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for 3-manifolds that fiber as surface bundles. The original Le Theoreme d'Hyperbolisation pour les Varietes de Dimension 3, published by the French Mathematical Society in 1996, has been translated by Leslie D. Kay. c. Book News Inc.
Understanding chemical reactivity has been the permanent concern of chemists from time immemorial. If we were able to understand it and express it quantitatively there would practically remain no unsolved mystery, and reactions would be fully predictable, with their products and rates and even side reactions. The beautiful developments of thermodynamics through the 19th century supplied us with the knowledge of the way a reactions progresses, and the statistical view initiated by Gibbs has progressively led to an unders tanding closer to the microscopic phenomena. But is was always evident to all that these advances still left our understanding of chemical reactivity far behind our empirical knowledge of the chemical reaction in its practically infinite variety. The advances of recent years in quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics, enhanced by the present availability of powerful and fast compu ters, are very fast changing this picture, and bringing us really close to a microscopic understanding of chemical equilibria, reaction rates, etc.... This is the reason why our Society encouraged a few years ago the initiative of Professor Savo Bratos who, with a group of French colleagues, prepared an impressive study on "Reactivite chimique en phase liquide", a prospective report which was jointly published by the Societe Fran
This book describes the development of a constitutive modeling platform for soil testing, which is one of the key components in geomechanics and geotechnics. It discusses the fundamentals of the constitutive modeling of soils and illustrates the use of these models to simulate various laboratory tests. To help readers understand the fundamentals and modeling of soil behaviors, it first introduces the general stress–strain relationship of soils and the principles and modeling approaches of various laboratory tests, before examining the ideas and formulations of constitutive models of soils. Moving on to the application of constitutive models, it presents a modeling platform with a practical, simple interface, which includes various kinds of tests and constitutive models ranging from clay to sand, that is used for simulating most kinds of laboratory tests. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate-level teaching in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering and other related engineering specialties. Thanks to the inclusion of real-world applications, it is also of use to industry practitioners, opening the door to advanced courses on modeling within the industrial engineering and operations research fields.
Viability theory designs and develops mathematical and algorithmic methods for investigating the adaptation to viability constraints of evolutions governed by complex systems under uncertainty that are found in many domains involving living beings, from biological evolution to economics, from environmental sciences to financial markets, from control theory and robotics to cognitive sciences. It involves interdisciplinary investigations spanning fields that have traditionally developed in isolation. The purpose of this book is to present an initiation to applications of viability theory, explaining and motivating the main concepts and illustrating them with numerous numerical examples taken from various fields.
This volume contains papers presented at the second International Workshop on Word Equations and Related Topics (IWWERT '91), held at the University ofRouen in October 1991. The papers are on the following topics: general solution of word equations, conjugacy in free inverse monoids, general A- and AX-unification via optimized combination procedures, wordequations with two variables, a conjecture about conjugacy in free groups, acase of termination for associative unification, theorem proving by combinatorial optimization, solving string equations with constant restriction, LOP (toward a new implementation of Makanin's algorithm), word unification and transformation of generalizedequations, unification in the combination of disjoint theories, on the subsets of rank two in a free monoid (a fast decision algorithm), and a solution of the complement problem in associative-commutative theories.
Describes the use of the Real Frequency Technique for designing and realizing RF/microwave amplifiers and circuits This book focuses on the authors' Real Frequency Technique (RFT) and its application to a wide variety of multi-stage microwave amplifiers and active filters, and passive equalizers for radar pulse shaping and antenna return loss applications. The first two chapters review the fundamentals of microwave amplifier design and provide a description of the RFT. Each subsequent chapter introduces a new type of amplifier or circuit design, reviews its design problems, and explains how the RFT can be adapted to solve these problems. The authors take a practical approach by summarizing the design steps and giving numerous examples of amplifier realizations and measured responses. Provides a complete description of the RFT as it is first used to design multistage lumped amplifiers using a progressive optimization of the equalizers, leading to a small number of parameters to optimize simultaneously Presents modifications to the RFT to design trans-impedance microwave amplifiers that are used for photodiodes acting as high impedance current sources Discusses the methods using the RFT to optimize equalizers made of lossy distributed networks Covers methods and examples for designing standard linear multi-stage power amplifiers and those using arborescent structures Describes how to use the RFT to design multi ]stage active filters Shows the flexibility of the RFT to solve a variety of microwave circuit design problems like the problem of passive equalizer design for Radar receivers Examines a possible method for the synthesis of microwave antennas using the RFT Microwave Amplifier and Active Circuit Design Using the Real Frequency Technique is intended for researchers and RF and microwave engineers but is also suitable for advanced graduate students in circuit design. Dr. Beneat and Dr. Jarry are members of the editorial board of Wiley’s International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer Aided Engineering. They have published seven books together, including Advanced Design Techniques and Realizations of Microwave and RF Filters (Wiley-IEEE 2008), Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractals RF and Microwave Filters (Wiley 2009), Miniaturized Microwave Fractal Filters—M2F2 (Wiley 2012), and RF and Microwave Electromagnetism (Wiley-ISTE 2014).
Developments in Geomathematics 4: Sampling of Particulate Materials: Theory and Practice reviews the theory and practice of sampling particulate solids, such as ores and concentrates. With examples borrowed from the mining, metallurgical, and cement industries, the book examines particulate materials of vegetable and mineral origin, including cereals, oil seeds, sugar beets, granulated drosses or slags, bars, plates, and ingots. Organized into nine parts encompassing 34 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the theory of sampling and sampling-error generating mechanisms. It then discusses the continuous selection and discrete models of the increment sampling process and the materialization of punctual increments. It explains the splitting process and its practical implementation in sampling. Lot and sample preparation, resolution of sampling problems, and problems associated with commercial sampling are also discussed. The book also describes the detection of measurement or sampling biases and inconspicuous losses of material, and the design of automatic sampling plants. This book is a valuable resource for geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, and analysts.
First concise textbook on Large-Eddy Simulation, a very important method in scientific computing and engineering From the foreword to the third edition written by Charles Meneveau: "... this meticulously assembled and significantly enlarged description of the many aspects of LES will be a most welcome addition to the bookshelves of scientists and engineers in fluid mechanics, LES practitioners, and students of turbulence in general.
A fully comprehensive reference combining digital communications and RFIC (Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits) in one complete volume There are many books which focus on the physical implementation of the RF/analog part of transceivers, such as the CMOS design, or the signal processing involved in digital communications. However, there is little material dedicated to transceiver architecture and system design. Similarly, much of the existing literature looks at concepts useful for dimensioning, yet offers little practical information on how to proceed for dimensioning a line-up from scratch, and on the reasons for proceeding that way. This book redresses the balance by explaining the architecture of transceivers and their dimensioning from the perspective of a RFIC architect from within industry. It bridges the gap between digital communication systems and radiofrequency integrated circuit design, covering wireless transceiver architecture and system design from both system level and circuit designer aspects. • Covers digital communication theory, electromagnetism theory and wireless networks organization, from theories to implementation, for deriving the minimum set of constraints to be fulfilled by transceivers • Details the limitations in the physical implementation of transceivers to be considered for their dimensioning, in terms of noise, nonlinearity, and RF impairments • Presents transceiver architecture and system design in terms of transceivers budgets, transceivers architectures, and algorithms for transceivers
This book is designed both for FPGA users interested in developing new, specific components - generally for reducing execution times –and IP core designers interested in extending their catalog of specific components. The main focus is circuit synthesis and the discussion shows, for example, how a given algorithm executing some complex function can be translated to a synthesizable circuit description, as well as which are the best choices the designer can make to reduce the circuit cost, latency, or power consumption. This is not a book on algorithms. It is a book that shows how to translate efficiently an algorithm to a circuit, using techniques such as parallelism, pipeline, loop unrolling, and others. Numerous examples of FPGA implementation are described throughout this book and the circuits are modeled in VHDL. Complete and synthesizable source files are available for download.
What shape is the universe? Is it curved and closed in on itself? Is it expanding? Where is it headed? Could space be wrapped around itself, such that it produces ghost images of faraway galaxies? Such are the questions posed by Jean-Pierre Luminet in The Wraparound Universe, which he then addresses in clear and accessible language. An expert in bl
This primer proposes a journey from Newton's dynamics to Einstein's relativity. It constitutes a pedagogical, rigorous, and self-contained introduction to the concepts and mathematical formulation of gravitational physics.In particular, much attention is devoted to exploring and applying the basic tools of differential geometry, that is the language of general relativity. Real-world manifestations of relativity, such as time dilation, gravitational waves, and black holes, are also discussed in detail. This book is designed for third-year bachelor or first-year master students in theoretical physics, who are already familiar with Newton's physics, possibly had an introductory course on special relativity, and who are seeking to learn general relativity on a firm basis.
This textbook offers original and new approaches to the teaching of electrochemical concepts, principles and applications. Throughout the text the authors provide a balanced coverage of the thermodynamic and kinetic processes at the heart of electrochemical systems. The first half of the book outlines fundamental concepts appropriate to undergraduate students and the second half gives an in-depth account of electrochemical systems suitable for experienced scientists and course lecturers. Concepts are clearly explained and mathematical treatments are kept to a minimum or reported in appendices. This book features: - Questions and answers for self-assessment - Basic and advanced level numerical descriptions - Illustrated electrochemistry applications This book is accessible to both novice and experienced electrochemists and supports a deep understanding of the fundamental principles and laws of electrochemistry.
The book describes and explains thermally stimulated current depolarization and thermal sampling. Electrical charges are created in the dielectric material by a voltage field. Analyzing how the current discharges provides insights into the atomic structure of the polymer, its organization and free volume. The book also includes case studies teaching how to apply the characterization techniques to understand the behavior of polymers.
The contemporary industrial robot is the focal point of a wide variety of elements in modern technology. It is a collection of parts, some of which act as drives and some of which act as architectural materials that give the robot body strength. This book is a thorough inventory of the technologies involved and the way in which they meet and work together in order to produce a functional robot arm. The authors have striven to describe thoroughly the components that make up robot arms. This gives both the student and the practitioner a complete view of the principles involved in such components and the differences between existing technologies. However, it is not only the student who benefits from this approach but also the potential robot user who, at the moment, may be faced with a bewildering choice of combinations of different types of components in the robots that are available to him. For example, it is difficult for a production manager to appreciate the differences between robots that use direct current motors, stepping motors and pneumatic actuators. The authors have succeeded in structuring the book so that the reader can weigh up the pros and cons of these different techniques at whatever level of depth he requires. Certainly, the book aims to provide as much depth as there is in these topics without assuming a detailed knowledge of specialized areas of engineering.
The Present book is aimed at providing a readable account of physical methods and results required to measure cell adhesion and interpret experimental data. Since on the one hand readability seemed a major quality for a book, and on the other hand, the problems posed referred to a wide range of domains of physics, chemistry, and biology, completeness had to sacrificed. Indeed, a whole book would not suffice to quote the relevant literature (and many more authors would be required to have read it). Hence, only a limited number of topics were selected for reliability of methods, availability of enough experimental results to illustrate basic conception or potential use in the future. These were discussed in three sections.
Provides the background, tools, and models required to understand organic synthesis and plan chemical reactions more efficiently Knowledge of physical chemistry is essential for achieving successful chemical reactions in organic chemistry. Chemists must be competent in a range of areas to understand organic synthesis. Organic Chemistry provides the methods, models, and tools necessary to fully comprehend organic reactions. Written by two internationally recognized experts in the field, this much-needed textbook fills a gap in current literature on physical organic chemistry. Rigorous yet straightforward chapters first examine chemical equilibria, thermodynamics, reaction rates and mechanisms, and molecular orbital theory, providing readers with a strong foundation in physical organic chemistry. Subsequent chapters demonstrate various reactions involving organic, organometallic, and biochemical reactants and catalysts. Throughout the text, numerous questions and exercises, over 800 in total, help readers strengthen their comprehension of the subject and highlight key points of learning. The companion Organic Chemistry Workbook contains complete references and answers to every question in this text. A much-needed resource for students and working chemists alike, this text: -Presents models that establish if a reaction is possible, estimate how long it will take, and determine its properties -Describes reactions with broad practical value in synthesis and biology, such as C-C-coupling reactions, pericyclic reactions, and catalytic reactions -Enables readers to plan chemical reactions more efficiently -Features clear illustrations, figures, and tables -With a Foreword by Nobel Prize Laureate Robert H. Grubbs Organic Chemistry: Theory, Reactivity, and Mechanisms in Modern Synthesis is an ideal textbook for students and instructors of chemistry, and a valuable work of reference for organic chemists, physical chemists, and chemical engineers.
In this volume (volume 1), the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics are presented. The first & second laws of thermodynamics are illustrated. The need to define thermodynamic temperature & the nature of entropy are explained. The book explores the meaning of auxiliary thermodynamic functions, the origin, usefulness & use of partial molar quantities. Gaseous systems & phase equilibrium, in systems where chemical reactions do not take place, are described In volume 2, the tools necessary to study & understand systems in which chemical reactions can take place are developed. The variables of reaction are the keys to understanding. Criteria for chemical equilibrium are established. It is shown how chemical reactions can provide work, as for example, in batteries. For complex systems, the number of independent reactions & their nature have to be determined systematically. The effect of external factors on chemical equilibria is analyzed & illustrated. The formalism necessary to study ideal & real solutions is provided. The various standard states in use & the corresponding activity coefficients are clearly defined. The statistical aspect of thermodynamics is best understood once students are familiar with the rest of the book, for this reason, is treated in the last chapter. Both volumes comply with the latest IUPC recommendations for symbols. Most of the specific mathematical tools are presented either directly in the text if they are used mostly in one chapter, while the others are included in an appendix. A primarily phenomenological approach has been selected to keep chemical thermodynamics easily accessible to beginners. Intermediate steps in the derivations have been kept to enhance the clarity of the presentation. A large number of problems, most of them original, will with complete solutions, are provided. They give this textbook a great pedagogical value. This book is primarily destined to students, graduate students & practicing scientists in the fields of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Material Sciences.
The title is a perfect description. Arranged alphabetically this book explains the words and phrases that crop up in thermodynamics. The author does this without resorting to pages of mathematics and algebra: the author's main aim is to explain and clarify the jargon and concepts.Thermodynamics is often difficult and confusing for students. The author knows this after 20 years of teaching and does something about it with this dictionary.
Many industrialized countries are facing large problems with their public pension systems in the 21st century. An unfavourable age distribution, with lower population shares in working ages and increasing shares and numbers of elderly persons in the future will lead, under current pension systems, to a drop in contributions and at the same time to sharply rising amounts of benefits paid. This book analyzes the impact of dynamics in age structure and marital status composition on future public pension expenditures in twelve industrialized countries. It shows that there is no demographic response to population ageing at the horizon 2030. Neither an increase in fertility nor an inflow of migrants can rejuvenate national populations, unless fertility and/or migration reach unrealistically high levels. Therefore, the overall conclusion of this book is that demographic variables are of limited help to relieve the burden of future public pension expenditures. Substantial reductions of the public pension burden have to be sought in socioeconomic measures, and not in adjusting demographic conditions. The book includes various demographic and pension scenarios for pension costs in the coming decades for Austria, Canada, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. Not only old age pensions, but also disability and survivor pensions have been investigated. Variant projections were calculated for changes in demographic, labour force, and pension system variables. In addition, separate case studies for three countries deal with: a pension system in Austria in which benefits depend on the number children ever born; the impact of household dynamics on social security in the Netherlands, not just marriage and marriage dissolution; and with the consequences of economic growth for public pensions in Sweden.
Contents of volumes 1 and 2 give a general view of the essential material knowledge for students and professionals. Opportunity for deeper investigation is available from the extensive complementary references featured.
Stories about border crossers, illegal aliens, refugees that regularly appear in the press everywhere point to the crucial role national identity plays in human beings' lives today. The National Habitus seeks to understand how and why national belonging became so central to a person's identity and sense of identity. Centered on the acquisition of the national habitus, the process that transforms subjects into citizens when a state becomes a nation-state, the book examines this transformation at the individual level in the case of nineteenth century France. Literary texts serve as primary material in this study of national belonging, because, as Germaine de Staël pointed out long ago, literature has the unique ability to provide access to "inner feelings." The term "habitus," in the title of this book, signals a departure from traditional approaches to nationalism, a break with the criteria of language, race, and ethnicity typically used to examine it. It is grounded instead in a sociology that deals with the subjective dimension of life and is best exemplified by the works of Norbert Elias (1897–1990) and Pierre Bourdieu (1931–2002), two sociologists who approach belief systems like nationalism from a historical, instead of an ethical vantage point. By distinguishing between two groups of major French writers, three who experienced the 1789 Revolution firsthand as adults (Olympe de Gouges, François René de Chateaubriand and Germaine de Staël) and three who did not (Stendhal, Prosper Mérimée, and George Sand), the book captures evolving understandings of the nation, as well as thoughts and emotions associated with national belonging over time. Le Hir shows that although none of these writers is typically associated with nationalism, all of them were actually affected by the process of nationalization of feelings, thoughts, and habits, irrespective of aesthetic preferences, social class, or political views. By the end of the nineteenth century, they had learned to feel and view themselves as French nationals; they all exhibited the characteristic features of the national habitus: love of their own nation, distrust and/or hatred of other nations. By underscoring the dual contradictory nature of the national habitus, the book highlights the limitations nation-based identities impose on the prospect for peace.
Many investors include commercial real estate in their portfolio, yet there are few comprehensive resources available to those looking for information on how to profit in commercial real estate. Written by a father-and-son team with extensive experience in buying, selling and developing commercial real estate, Commercial Real Estate Investing in Canada is a must-have guide for all real estate investors. This one-of-a-kind compendium will guide readers on such topics as: The business of real estate Land-use controls Taxation of property Types of income-producing properties Renovations and repairs Property management Property appraisals Conducting due diligence Real estate contracts And much more! Commercial Real Estate Investing in Canada is a tremendously valuable and indispensable tool to all Canadian real estate investors, agents, brokers, property managers, landlords, loan officers, builders, and lawyers.
We could be on the threshold of a scientific revolution. Quantum mechanics is based on unique, finite, and discrete events. General relativity assumes a continuous, curved space-time. Reconciling the two remains the most fundamental unsolved scientific problem left over from the last century. The papers of H Pierre Noyes collected in this volume reflect one attempt to achieve that unification by replacing the continuum with the bit-string events of computer science. Three principles are used: physics can determine whether two quantities are the same or different; measurement can tell something from nothing; this structure (modeled by binary addition and multiplication) can leave a historical record consisting of a growing universe of bit-strings. This book is specifically addressed to those interested in the foundations of particle physics, relativity, quantum mechanics, physical cosmology and the philosophy of science. Contents: Non-Locality in Particle Physics; On the Physical Interpretation and the Mathematical Structure of the Combinatorial Hierarchy (with T Bastin, J Amson & C W Kilmister); On the Construction of Relativistic Quantum Theory: A Progress Report; Foundations of a Discrete Physics (with D McGoveran); Comment on OC Statistical Mechanical Origin of the Entropy of a Rotating Charged Black HoleOCO Anti-Gravity: The Key to 21st Century Physics; Crossing Symmetry is Incompatible with General Relativity; Operationalism Revisited: Measurement Accuracy, Scale Invariance and the Combinatorial Hierarchy; Discrete Physics and the Derivation of Electromagnetism from the Formalism of Quantum Mechanics (with L H Kauffman); Are Partons Confined Tachyons?; A Short Introduction to Bit-String Physics; Process, System, Causality and Quantum Mechanics: A Psychoanalysis of Animal Faith (with T Etter); and other papers. Readership: Researchers interested in the foundations of particle physics, relativity, quantum mechanics, physical cosmology and the philosophy of science.
This book applies traditional reliability engineering methods to prognostics and health management (PHM), looking at remaining useful life (RUL) and its dynamics, to enable engineers to effectively and accurately predict machinery and systems useful lifespan. One of the key tools used in defining and implementing predictive maintenance policies is the RUL indicator. However, it is essential to account for the uncertainty inherent to the RUL, as otherwise predictive maintenance strategies can be incorrect. This can cause high costs or, alternatively, inappropriate decisions. Methods used to estimate RUL are numerous and diverse and, broadly speaking, fall into three categories: model-based, data-driven, or hybrid, which uses both. The author starts by building on established theory and looks at traditional reliability engineering methods through their relation to PHM requirements and presents the concept of RUL loss rate. Following on from this, the author presents an innovative general method for defining a nonlinear transformation enabling the mean residual life to become a linear function of time. He applies this method to frequently encountered time-to-failure distributions, such as Weibull and gamma, and degradation processes. Latest research results, including the author’s (some of which were previously unpublished), are drawn upon and combined with very classical work. Statistical estimation techniques are then presented to estimate RUL from field data, and risk-based methods for maintenance optimization are described, including the use of RUL dynamics for predictive maintenance. The book ends with suggestions for future research, including links with machine learning and deep learning. The theory is illustrated by industrial examples. Each chapter is followed by a series of exercises. FEATURES Provides both practical and theoretical background of RUL Describes how the uncertainty of RUL can be related to RUL loss rate Provides new insights into time-to-failure distributions Offers tools for predictive maintenance This book will be of interest to engineers, researchers and students in reliability engineering, prognostics and health management, and maintenance management.
Fundamentals of Radiochemistry presents a comprehensive overview of the principles, objectives, and methods of radiochemistry and how they are applied in various fields of chemistry. Topics covered include characteristics of radioactivity and radioactive matter, the chemistry of ephemeral radionuclides, actinides of high atomic number, positronium, and physicochemical behavior of systems containing one or more compounds at tracer or sub-tracer concentration. Numerous appendices are included to provide additional detail to information presented in chapters. Because Fundamentals of Radiochemistry is the first book to discuss what chemical information can be obtained with sub-tracer amounts, it is essential reading for inorganic chemists, radiochemists, analytical chemists, nuclear chemists and others interested in the topic.
This text covers fundamentals in navigation of modern aerospace vehicles. It is an excellent resource for both graduate students and practicing engineers.
In this textbook on the physiology of vision, Buser and Imbert synthesize the data in the field, proceeding from the biophysics of retinal receptors to processing in the visual areas of the cortex. Although the focus is on mammalian studies, some data from comparative physiology are included. In just five chapters the authors cover the structure and organization of the retina, the physical characteristics of visual stimuli, the psychophysical laws of visual sensation (absolute thresholds, retinal adaptation, visual acuity, temporal resolution, movement perception, color vision, and stereopsis), the genesis and elaboration of signals in the retina, and mechanisms in the central visual pathways. Like Buser and Imbert's companion sensory neurophysiology text Audition, Vision has been translated and updated from the original French in a style that is straightforward and concise. It includes 248 carefully chosen and fully captioned illustrations that will make it accessible to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in the basic and clinical neurosciences, to students in courses on perception and psychophysics in psychology departments, as well as to researchers in computer vision who are interested in biological vision..
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