Physical Best (Program)'s Books

Physical Best

Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness and Health

By: Physical Best (Program)

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Physical Best

Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness and Health

By: Physical Best (Program)

Physical Best, Fourth Edition, is an all-inclusive resource that combines three previous books in one. The text is updated to address SHAPE America's standards and outcomes and to reflect the latest research and best practices. More than 100 activities for K-12 students are offered on the accompanying web resource.

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377

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Human Kinetics Publishers

Published Date

ISBN 10

1492545309

ISBN 13

9781492545309

Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership

Second Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Review of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Research Program, Phase 2

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Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership

Second Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Review of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Research Program, Phase 2

The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership is a collaborative effort among the Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), and five major energy companies to manage research that will enable the vision of a clean and sustainable transportation energy future. It envisions a transition from more efficient internal combustion engines (ICEs), to advanced ICE hybrid electric vehicles, and to enabling a private-sector decision by 2015 on hydrogen-fueled vehicle development. At the request of DOE, the NRC has undertaken an effort to provide biennial reviews of the progress of the research program. Phase I of that review was described in a book issued in 2005. This second book presents an assessment of the progress in the research program management areas as well as the responses of program management to recommendations provided in the Phase I report. Covered in this second book are major crosscutting issues; vehicle subsystems; hydrogen production, delivery, and dispensing; and an overall assessment of the program.

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166

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309116341

ISBN 13

9780309116343

Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force: A Study

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Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

While there are examples of successful weapon systems acquisition programs within the U.S. Air Force (USAF), many of the programs are still incurring cost growth, schedule delays, and performance problems. The USAF now faces serious challenges in acquiring and maintaining its weapons systems as it strives to maintain its current programs; add new capabilities to counter evolving threats; and reduce its overall program expenditures. Owning the technical baseline is a critical component of the Air Force's ability to regain and maintain acquisition excellence. Owning the technical baseline allows the government acquisition team to manage and respond knowledgeably and effectively to systems development, operations, and execution, thereby avoiding technical and other programmatic barriers to mission success. Additionally, owning the technical baseline ensures that government personnel understand the user requirements, why a particular design and its various features have been selected over competing designs, and what the options are to pursue alternative paths to the final product given unanticipated cost, schedule, and performance challenges. Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force discusses the strategic value to the Air Force of owning the technical baseline and the risk of not owning it and highlights key aspects of how agencies other than the Air Force own the technical baseline for their acquisition programs. This report identifies specific barriers to owning the technical baseline for the Air Force and makes recommendations to help guide the Air Force in overcoming those barriers.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309449065

ISBN 13

9780309449069

Review of ONR's Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles Program

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Naval Studies Board,Committee for the Review of ONR's Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles Program

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Review of ONR's Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles Program

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Naval Studies Board,Committee for the Review of ONR's Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles Program

Joint Vision 20101 addresses the need for achieving military dominance through the application of new operational concepts. For the Department of the Navy, future operational concepts will hinge on a continuance of forward yet unobtrusive presence and the capability to influence events ashore as required. This capability will be enabled by the development and insertion into the forces of new technologies for providing command, control, and surveillance; battlespace dominance; power projection; and force sustainment. For example, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently proven to be valuable operational platforms for providing tactical intelligence by surveillance of the battlefield. To support naval force objectives, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) has established a research program within the Strike Technology Division (Code 351) of the Naval Expeditionary Warfare Science and Technology Department aimed at expanding the operational capabilities of UAVs to include not only surveillance and reconnaissance, but strike and logistics missions as well. This new class of autonomous vehicles, known as uninhabited combat air vehicles (UCAVs), is foreseen as being intelligent, recoverable, and highly maneuverable in support of future naval operations. Review of ONR'S Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles Program evaluates ONR's UCAV technology activities, including its vision documents and its science and technology roadmap (in areas of vehicle dynamics, communications, sensors, and autonomous agents) against criteria that would be selected by the committee, such as the relevance for meeting future naval priorities, the cost and time scale for its utilization, duplication of effort, and scientific and technical quality.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309069777

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9780309069779

Assessment of Directions in Microgravity and Physical Sciences Research at NASA

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Microgravity Research

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Assessment of Directions in Microgravity and Physical Sciences Research at NASA

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Microgravity Research

For thirty years the NASA microgravity program has used space as a tool to study fundamental flow phenomena that are important to fields ranging from combustion science to biotechnology. This book assesses the past impact and current status of microgravity research programs in combustion, fluid dynamics, fundamental physics, and materials science and gives recommendations for promising topics of future research in each discipline. Guidance is given for setting priorities across disciplines by assessing each recommended topic in terms of the probability of its success and the magnitude of its potential impact on scientific knowledge and understanding; terrestrial applications and industry technology needs; and NASA technology needs. At NASA's request, the book also contains an examination of emerging research fields such as nanotechnology and biophysics, and makes recommendations regarding topics that might be suitable for integration into NASA's microgravity program.

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123

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309086396

ISBN 13

9780309086394

Issues and Opportunities Regarding the U.S. Space Program

A Summary Report of a Workshop on National Space Policy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Pamela L. Whitney,Richard B. Leshner,Radford Byerly, Jr.

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Issues and Opportunities Regarding the U.S. Space Program

A Summary Report of a Workshop on National Space Policy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Pamela L. Whitney,Richard B. Leshner,Radford Byerly, Jr.

Ever since the completion of the Apollo program, there has been a lack of consensus about the future of human spaceflight. The Columbia tragedy in February 2003 rekindled public debate about this question. In November 2003, the Space Studies Board and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board organized a workshop to explore aspects of the question, what should be the principal purpose, goals, and priorities of the U.S. civil space program? This report presents a factual summary of that workshop, which identified past lessons learned and guiding principles for the future of the civil space program. Seven broad themes emerged from the workshop, and these themes are highlighted in the report. The report also presents discussions of strategies for the human spaceflight program and guiding principles of and boundary conditions for a 21st century space policy.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091462

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9780309091466

A Review of the Manufacturing-Related Programs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Fiscal Year 2012

By: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board

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A Review of the Manufacturing-Related Programs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Fiscal Year 2012

By: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board

The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) enables NIST to provide broad support for the advancement of U.S. manufacturing. Research and services supporting manufacturing are intended to be an important component in all of the NIST laboratories. Moreover, since manufacturing is a major part of the U.S. economy, the growth or loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs is a very important issue. Clearly, the successful execution of NIST's programs supporting manufacturing will have a significant impact on manufacturing jobs in the United States. With the multidisciplinary, multisector, and crosscutting nature of manufacturing, the Director of NIST requested that the National Research Council (NRC) assess the manufacturing-related programs at NIST in 2012. Accordingly, a panel of experts was convened by the National Research Council to perform the assessment. The Panel on review of the Manufacturing-Related Programs at the national Institute of Standards and Technology visited the NIST campus in Gaithersburg, Maryland, on March 26-28, 2012. A Review of the Manufacturing-related Programs at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2012 contains the results of the panel's assessment. The assessment considered manufacturing research at NIST broadly, with emphasis on the specific advanced manufacturing areas: Nanomanufacturing (including Flexible Electronics); Smart Manufacturing (including Robotics); and Next-Generation Materials Measurements, Modeling, and Simulation. The area of Biomanufacturing also reviewed as a subset of the Nanomanufacturing review. As is to be expected for programs covering such wide scope, the boundaries among these broad areas are not rigid and there is some overlap among them. On the basis of its assessment, the panel formed the observations and recommendations which are detailed in this report.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309266149

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9780309266147

Final Report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research

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Final Report of the Committee on a Strategic Plan for U.S. Burning Plasma Research

Fusion offers the prospect of virtually unlimited energy. The United States and many nations around the world have made enormous progress toward achieving fusion energy. With ITER scheduled to go online within a decade and demonstrate controlled fusion ten years later, now is the right time for the United States to develop plans to benefit from its investment in burning plasma research and take steps to develop fusion electricity for the nation's future energy needs. At the request of the Department of Energy, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a committee to develop a strategic plan for U.S. fusion research. The final report's two main recommendations are: (1) The United States should remain an ITER partner as the most cost-effective way to gain experience with a burning plasma at the scale of a power plant. (2) The United States should start a national program of accompanying research and technology leading to the construction of a compact pilot plant that produces electricity from fusion at the lowest possible capital cost.

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341

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309487463

ISBN 13

9780309487467

Future Biotechnology Research on the International Space Station

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Space Studies Board,Task Group for the Evaluation of NASA's Biotechnology Facility for the International Space Station

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Future Biotechnology Research on the International Space Station

Under current NASA plans, investigations in the area of biotechnology will be a significant component of the life sciences research to be conducted on the International Space Station (ISS). They encompass work on cell science and studies of the use of microgravity to grow high-quality protein crystals. Both these subdisciplines are advancing rapidly in terrestrial laboratories, fueled by federal and industrial research budgets that dwarf those of NASA's life science program. Forging strong and fruitful connections between the space investigations and laboratory-bench biologists, a continual challenge for NASA' s life sciences program, is thus of great importance to ensuring the excellence of ISS research. This report evaluates the plan for NASA's biotechnology facility on the ISS and the scientific context that surrounds it, and makes recommendations on how the facility can be made more effective. In addition to questions about optimizing the instrumentation, the report addresses strategies for enhancing the scientific impact and improving the outreach to mainstream terrestrial biology. No major redirection of effort is called for, but collectively the specific, targeted changes recommended by the task group would have a major effect on the conduct of biotechnology research in space.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309069750

ISBN 13

9780309069755

Critical Code

Software Producibility for Defense

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for Advancing Software-Intensive Systems Producibility

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Critical Code

Software Producibility for Defense

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for Advancing Software-Intensive Systems Producibility

Critical Code contemplates Department of Defense (DoD) needs and priorities for software research and suggests a research agenda and related actions. Building on two prior booksâ€"Summary of a Workshop on Software Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale and Preliminary Observations on DoD Software Research Needs and Prioritiesâ€"the present volume assesses the nature of the national investment in software research and, in particular, considers ways to revitalize the knowledge base needed to design, produce, and employ software-intensive systems for tomorrow's defense needs. Critical Code discusses four sets of questions: To what extent is software capability significant for the DoD? Is it becoming more or less significant and strategic in systems development? Will the advances in software producibility needed by the DoD emerge unaided from industry at a pace sufficient to meet evolving defense requirements? What are the opportunities for the DoD to make more effective use of emerging technology to improve software capability and software producibility? In which technology areas should the DoD invest in research to advance defense software capability and producibility?

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161

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309163277

ISBN 13

9780309163279

Modeling and Simulation in Manufacturing and Defense Acquisition

Pathways to Success

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design,Committee on Modeling and Simulation Enhancements for 21st Century Manufacturing and Acquisition

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Modeling and Simulation in Manufacturing and Defense Acquisition

Pathways to Success

The Committee on Modeling and Simulation Enhancements for 21st Century Manufacturing and Acquisition was formed by the NRC in response to a request from the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) of DOD. The committee was asked to (1) investigate next-generation evolutionary and revolutionary M&S capabilities that will support enhanced defense systems acquisition; (2) identify specific emerging design, testing, and manufacturing process technologies that can be enabled by advanced M&S capabilities; (3) relate these emerging technologies to long-term DOD requirements; (4) assess ongoing efforts to develop advanced M&S capabilities and identify gaps that must be filled to make the emerging technologies a reality; (5) identify lessons learned from industry; and (6) recommend specific government actions to expedite development and to enable maximum DOD and U.S. commercial benefit from these capabilities. To complete its task, the committee identified relevant trends and their impact on defense acquisition needs; current use and support for use of M&S within DOD; lessons learned from commercial manufacturing; three cross-cutting and especially challenging uses of M&S technologies; and the areas in which basic research is needed in M&S in order to achieve the desired goals for manufacturing and defense acquisition.

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197

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309169305

ISBN 13

9780309169301

Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness

The Physical Best Teacher's Guide

By: Physical Best (Program),Suzan F. Ayers

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Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness

The Physical Best Teacher's Guide

By: Physical Best (Program),Suzan F. Ayers

Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness: The Physical Best Teacher's Guide presents strategies to incorporate health-related fitness and activity into PE programs. Teachers learn to develop a curriculum based on current national standards and guidelines, apply fitness concepts in real-world settings, and motivate students to live healthy, active lives.

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354

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Human Kinetics

Published Date

ISBN 10

073608116X

ISBN 13

9780736081160

Shipbuilding Technology and Education

By: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Marine Board

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Shipbuilding Technology and Education

By: Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Marine Board

The U.S. shipbuilding industry now confronts grave challenges in providing essential support of national objectives. With recent emphasis on renewal of the U.S. naval fleet, followed by the defense builddown, U.S. shipbuilders have fallen far behind in commercial ship construction, and face powerful new competition from abroad. This book examines ways to reestablish the U.S. industry, to provide a technology base and R&D infrastructure sustaining both commercial and military goals. Comparing U.S. and foreign shipbuilders in four technological areas, the authors find that U.S. builders lag most severely in business process technologies, and in technologies of new products and materials. New advances in system technologies, such as simulation, are also needed, as are continuing developments in shipyard production technologies. The report identifies roles that various government agencies, academia, and, especially, industry itself must play for the U.S. shipbuilding industry to attempt a turnaround.

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161

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309175992

ISBN 13

9780309175999

Software for Dependable Systems

Sufficient Evidence?

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Certifiably Dependable Software Systems

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Software for Dependable Systems

Sufficient Evidence?

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Certifiably Dependable Software Systems

The focus of Software for Dependable Systems is a set of fundamental principles that underlie software system dependability and that suggest a different approach to the development and assessment of dependable software. Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess the dependability of software. The field of software engineering suffers from a pervasive lack of evidence about the incidence and severity of software failures; about the dependability of existing software systems; about the efficacy of existing and proposed development methods; about the benefits of certification schemes; and so on. There are many anecdotal reports, which-although often useful for indicating areas of concern or highlighting promising avenues of research-do little to establish a sound and complete basis for making policy decisions regarding dependability. The committee regards claims of extraordinary dependability that are sometimes made on this basis for the most critical of systems as unsubstantiated, and perhaps irresponsible. This difficulty regarding the lack of evidence for system dependability leads to two conclusions: (1) that better evidence is needed, so that approaches aimed at improving the dependability of software can be objectively assessed, and (2) that, for now, the pursuit of dependability in software systems should focus on the construction and evaluation of evidence. The committee also recognized the importance of adopting the practices that are already known and used by the best developers; this report gives a sample of such practices. Some of these (such as systematic configuration management and automated regression testing) are relatively easy to adopt; others (such as constructing hazard analyses and threat models, exploiting formal notations when appropriate, and applying static analysis to code) will require new training for many developers. However valuable, though, these practices are in themselves no silver bullet, and new techniques and methods will be required in order to build future software systems to the level of dependability that will be required.

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148

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309179297

ISBN 13

9780309179294

Statistical Software Engineering

By: Panel on Statistical Methods in Software Engineering,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Statistical Software Engineering

By: Panel on Statistical Methods in Software Engineering,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

This book identifies challenges and opportunities in the development and implementation of software that contain significant statistical content. While emphasizing the relevance of using rigorous statistical and probabilistic techniques in software engineering contexts, it presents opportunities for further research in the statistical sciences and their applications to software engineering. It is intended to motivate and attract new researchers from statistics and the mathematical sciences to attack relevant and pressing problems in the software engineering setting. It describes the "big picture," as this approach provides the context in which statistical methods must be developed. The book's survey nature is directed at the mathematical sciences audience, but software engineers should also find the statistical emphasis refreshing and stimulating. It is hoped that the book will have the effect of seeding the field of statistical software engineering by its indication of opportunities where statistical thinking can help to increase understanding, productivity, and quality of software and software production.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309588545

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9780309588546

Assessing and Responding to the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments

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Assessing and Responding to the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments

The field of computer science (CS) is currently experiencing a surge in undergraduate degree production and course enrollments, which is straining program resources at many institutions and causing concern among faculty and administrators about how best to respond to the rapidly growing demand. There is also significant interest about what this growth will mean for the future of CS programs, the role of computer science in academic institutions, the field as a whole, and U.S. society more broadly. Assessing and Responding to the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments seeks to provide a better understanding of the current trends in computing enrollments in the context of past trends. It examines drivers of the current enrollment surge, relationships between the surge and current and potential gains in diversity in the field, and the potential impacts of responses to the increased demand for computing in higher education, and it considers the likely effects of those responses on students, faculty, and institutions. This report provides recommendations for what institutions of higher education, government agencies, and the private sector can do to respond to the surge and plan for a strong and sustainable future for the field of CS in general, the health of the institutions of higher education, and the prosperity of the nation.

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253

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309467020

ISBN 13

9780309467025

Measuring Performance and Benchmarking Project Management at the Department of Energy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment,Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S. Department of Energy Project Management

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Measuring Performance and Benchmarking Project Management at the Department of Energy

In 1997, Congress, in the conference report, H.R. 105-271, to the FY1998 Energy and Water Development Appropriation Bill, directed the National Research Council (NRC) to carry out a series of assessments of project management at the Department of Energy (DOE). The final report in that series noted that DOE lacked an objective set of measures for assessing project management quality. The department set up a committee to develop performance measures and benchmarking procedures and asked the NRC for assistance in this effort. This report presents information and guidance for use as a first step toward development of a viable methodology to suit DOE's needs. It provides a number of possible performance measures, an analysis of the benchmarking process, and a description ways to implement the measures and benchmarking process.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309181763

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9780309181761

Summary of a Workshop on Software-Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Advancing Software-Intensive Systems Producibility

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Summary of a Workshop on Software-Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Advancing Software-Intensive Systems Producibility

The growing scale and complexity of software-intensive systems are introducing fundamental new challenges of uncertainty and scale that are particularly demanding for defense systems. To assist in meeting these challenges, the Department of Defense asked the NRC to assess the nature of U.S. national investment in software research. As part of this study, a workshop was held to examine uncertainty at scale in current and future software-intensive systems. This report presents a summary of the workshop discussions that centered on process, architecture, and the grand scale; DoD software challenges for future systems; agility at scale; quality and assurance with scale and uncertainty; and enterprise scale and beyond. The report also offers a summary of key themes emerging from the workshop: architectural challenges in large-scale systems; the need for software engineering capability; and open questions and research opportunities.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309108446

ISBN 13

9780309108447

Burning Plasma

Bringing a Star to Earth

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Plasma Science Committee,Burning Plasma Assessment Committee

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Burning Plasma

Bringing a Star to Earth

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Plasma Science Committee,Burning Plasma Assessment Committee

Significant advances have been made in fusion science, and a point has been reached when we need to decide if the United States is ready to begin a burning plasma experiment. A burning plasmaâ€"in which at least 50 percent of the energy to drive the fusion reaction is generated internallyâ€"is an essential step to reach the goal of fusion power generation. The Burning Plasma Assessment Committee was formed to provide advice on this decision. The committee concluded that there is high confidence in the readiness to proceed with the burning plasma step. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), with the United States as a significant partner, was the best choice. Once a commitment to ITER is made, fulfilling it should become the highest priority of the U.S. fusion research program. A funding trajectory is required that both captures the benefits of joining ITER and retains a strong scientific focus on the long-range goals of the program. Addition of the ITER project will require that the content, scope, and level of U.S. fusion activity be defined by program balancing through a priority-setting process initiated by the Office of Fusion Energy Science.

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209

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309090822

ISBN 13

9780309090827

Technology-Based Pilot Programs

Improving Future U.S. Military Reserve Forces

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on Reserve Forces for 2010 and Beyond

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Technology-Based Pilot Programs

Improving Future U.S. Military Reserve Forces

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on Reserve Forces for 2010 and Beyond

As the twenty-first century approaches, the number of full-time, active duty personnel in the U.S. military (excluding the Reserves and National Guard) is about 1.4 million, the lowest level since before World War II. Nevertheless, the U.S. military is supposed to be prepared to fight two major-theater wars almost simultaneously while conducting peacekeeping operations and other assignments around the globe. To fulfill this wide range of missions, the U.S. military must continue to rely on the Reserves and National Guard, which are known collectively as the reserve components. The current number of reserve components is almost equal to the number of active duty personnel. In the case of the U.S. Army, the number of reserves is double the number of active personnel. This study addresses how technology can be used to improve the readiness and effectiveness of the reserve components and their integration with the active components. Many technologies are expected to enhance the capabilities of the U.S. military in the twenty-first century, including precision weapons, high-fidelity sensors, long-range surveillance, enhanced stealth characteristics, and advanced communications and information systems. This study reaffirms the importance of improved communication and information systems, for improving comprehensive training and accelerating the mobilization of reserve components for military missions in the coming decade. Although programs using these technologies are already under way in both the reserve and active components of the military, this study focuses on the effectiveness of reserve components and active-reserve integration.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309184428

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9780309184427

The National Science Foundation's Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers Program

Looking Back, Moving Forward

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Solid State Sciences Committee,MRSEC Impact Assessment Committee

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The National Science Foundation's Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers Program

Looking Back, Moving Forward

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Solid State Sciences Committee,MRSEC Impact Assessment Committee

The Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) Impact Assessment Committee was convened by the National Research Council in response to an informal request from the National Science Foundation. Charged to examine the impact of the MRSEC program and to provide guidance for the future, the committee included experts from across materials research as well as several from outside the field. The committee developed a general methodology to examine the MRSEC centers and after extensive research and analysis, came to the following conclusions. MRSEC center awards continue to be in great demand. The intense competition within the community for them indicates a strong perceived value. Using more quantitative measures, the committee examined the performance and impact of MRSEC activities over the past decade in the areas of research, facilities, education and outreach, and industrial collaboration and technology transfer. The MRSEC program has had important impacts of the same high standard of quality as those of other multi-investigator or individual-investigator programs. Although the committee was largely unable to attribute observed impacts uniquely to the MRSEC program, MRSECs generally mobilize efforts that would not have occurred otherwise. Because of an observed decline in the effectiveness of the centers, the committee recommended a restructuring the MRSEC program to allow more efficient use and leveraging of resources. The new program should fully invest in centers of excellence as well as in stand-alone teams of researchers to allow tighter focus on key strengths of the program. In its report, the committee outlines one potential vision for how this might be accomplished in a revenue-neutral fashion.

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226

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309178967

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9780309178969

Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

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Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

The Department of Defense (DOD) spends over $300 billion each year to develop, produce, field and sustain weapons systems (the U.S. Air Force over $100 billion per year). DOD and Air Force acquisitions programs often experience large cost overruns and schedule delays leading to a loss in confidence in the defense acquisition system and the people who work in it. Part of the DOD and Air Force response to these problems has been to increase the number of program and technical reviews that acquisition programs must undergo. This book looks specifically at the reviews that U.S. Air Force acquisition programs are required to undergo and poses a key question: Can changes in the number, content, or sequence of reviews help Air Force program managers more successfully execute their programs? This book concludes that, unless they do it better than they are now, Air Force and DOD attempts to address poor acquisition program performance with additional reviews will fail. This book makes five recommendations that together form a gold standard for conduct of reviews and if implemented and rigorously managed by Air Force and DOD acquisition executives can increase review effectiveness and efficiency. The bottom line is to help program managers successfully execute their programs.

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122

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030913918X

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9780309139182

Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two)

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Prospective Benefits of DOE's Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy R&D Programs (Phase Two)

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Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase Two)

Since its inception in 1977 from an amalgam of federal authorities, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has administered numerous programs aimed at developing applied energy technologies. In recent years, federal oversight of public expenditures has emphasized the integration of performance and budgeting. Notably, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) was passed in 1993 in response to questions about the value and effectiveness of federal programs. GPRA and other mandates have led agencies to develop indicators of program performance and program outcomes. The development of indicators has been watched with keen interest by Congress, which has requested of the National Research Council (NRC) a series of reports using quantitative indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of applied energy research and development (R&D). The first such report took a retrospective view of the first 3 years of DOE R&D programs on fossil energy and energy efficiency. The report found that DOE-sponsored research had netted large commercial successes, such as advanced refrigerator compressors, electronic lighting ballasts, and emission control technology for flue gas desulfurization. However, some programs were judged to be costly failures in which large R&D expenditures did not result in a commercial energy technology. A follow-up NRC committee was assigned the task of adapting the methodology to the assessment of the future payoff of continuing programs. Evaluating the outcome of R&D expenditures requires an analysis of program costs and benefits. Doing so is not a trivial matter. First, the analysis of costs and benefits must reflect the full range of public benefits that are envisioned, accounting for environmental and energy security impacts as well as economic effects. Second, the analysis must consider how likely the research is to succeed and how valuable the research will be if successful. Finally, the analysis must consider what might happen if the government did not support the project: Would some non-DOE entity undertake it or an equivalent activity that would produce some or all of the benefits of government involvement? This second report continues to investigate the development and use of R&D outcome indicators and applies the benefits evaluation methodology to six DOE R&D activities. It provides further definition for the development of indicators for environmental and security benefits and refines the evaluation process based on its experience with the six DOE R&D case studies.

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233

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030910467X

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9780309104678

Assessment of the Information Sciences Directorate at the Army Research Office

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board,Panel on Review of Extramural Basic Research at the Army Research Laboratory

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Assessment of the Information Sciences Directorate at the Army Research Office

This report summarizes the 2018 findings of the Panel on Review of Extramural Basic Research at the Army Research Laboratory, which reviewed the programs at the Army Research Office's Information Sciences Directorate.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309492009

ISBN 13

9780309492003

Assessment of the Physical Sciences Directorate at the Army Research Office

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Assessment of the Physical Sciences Directorate at the Army Research Office

This report summarizes the 2019 findings of the Panel on Review of Extramural Basic Research at the Army Research Laboratory, which reviewed the programs at the Army Research Office's Physical Sciences Directorate.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030967882X

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9780309678827

Review of the Research Strategy for Biomass-Derived Transportation Fuels

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee to Review the R&D Strategy for Biomass-Derived Ethanol and Biodiesel Transportation Fuels

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Review of the Research Strategy for Biomass-Derived Transportation Fuels

The Office of Fuels Development (OFD), a component of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Transportation Technologies, manages the federal government's effort to make biomass-based ethanol (bioethanol) and biodiesel a practical and affordable alternative to gasoline. Through the National Biomass Ethanol Program, the OFD is overseeing key research and development (R&D) and industry-government partnerships for the establishment of a cellulosic biomass ethanol industry. Cellulosic biomass resources being investigated include agronomic and forest crop residues, woody crops, perennial grasses, and municipal wastes. Starch-based sources, such as cereal grains (e.g., corn grain), are not included in this program. The objective of the program is to promote the commercialization of enzyme-based technologies to produce cost-competitive bioethanol for use as transportation fuel. The OFD requested that the National Research Council estimate the contribution and evaluate the role of biofuels (biomass-derived ethanol and biodiesel) as transportation fuels in the domestic and international economies, evaluate OFD's biofuels strategy, and recommend changes in this strategy and the R&D goals and portfolio of the OFD in the near-term to midterm time frame (about 20 years). During this period, a number of complex, interacting factors, including advances in the technologies used to produce biofuels at a competitive cost, the elimination of tax incentives, advances in vehicle and engine technologies, growing concerns about solid waste disposal and air pollution, and global measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, will affect the position of biofuels in transportation fuel markets.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309172519

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9780309172516

Energy Research at DOE

Was It Worth It? Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D on Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy

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Energy Research at DOE

Was It Worth It? Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D on Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy

In legislation appropriating funds for DOE's fiscal year (FY) 2000 energy R&D budget, the House Interior Appropriations Subcommittee directed an evaluation of the benefits that have accrued to the nation from the R&D conducted since 1978 in DOE's energy efficiency and fossil energy programs. In response to the congressional charge, the National Research Council formed the Committee on Benefits of DOE R&D on Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy. From its inception, DOE's energy R&D program has been the subject of many outside evaluations. The present evaluation asks whether the benefits of the program have justified the considerable expenditure of public funds since DOE's formation in 1977, and, unlike earlier evaluations, it takes a comprehensive look at the actual outcomes of DOE's research over two decades.

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240

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309074487

ISBN 13

9780309074483

Review of NASA's Aerospace Technology Enterprise

An Assessment of NASA's Pioneering Revolutionary Technology Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee for the Review of NASA's Pioneering Revolutionary Technology (PRT) Program

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Review of NASA's Aerospace Technology Enterprise

An Assessment of NASA's Pioneering Revolutionary Technology Program

The Committee for the Review of NASA's Pioneering Revolutionary Technology (PRT) Program and its three supporting panels were charged by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with assessing the overall scientific and technical quality of the PRT program and its component programs, along with their associated elements and individual research tasks. Major issues addressed in the review include (1) research portfolios, (2) research plans, (3) technical community connections, (4) methodologies, and (5) overall capabilities. As reflected in the organization of the report, a two-pronged assessment was developed. Each panel provided a detailed assessment of the program under its purview, which was refined and updated over the course of the review. The committee, composed mainly of representatives from each panel, integrated and evaluated the panel results and provided top-level advice on issues cutting across the entire PRT program.

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136

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309182441

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9780309182447

Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists

A Framework for Program Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Committee on Law and Justice,Committee on Technical and Privacy Dimensions of Information for Terrorism Prevention and Other National Goals

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Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists

A Framework for Program Assessment

All U.S. agencies with counterterrorism programs that collect or "mine" personal data-such as phone records or Web sites visited-should be required to evaluate the programs' effectiveness, lawfulness, and impacts on privacy. A framework is offered that agencies can use to evaluate such information-based programs, both classified and unclassified. The book urges Congress to re-examine existing privacy law to assess how privacy can be protected in current and future programs and recommends that any individuals harmed by violations of privacy be given a meaningful form of redress. Two specific technologies are examined: data mining and behavioral surveillance. Regarding data mining, the book concludes that although these methods have been useful in the private sector for spotting consumer fraud, they are less helpful for counterterrorism because so little is known about what patterns indicate terrorist activity. Regarding behavioral surveillance in a counterterrorist context, the book concludes that although research and development on certain aspects of this topic are warranted, there is no scientific consensus on whether these techniques are ready for operational use at all in counterterrorism.

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377

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309124883

ISBN 13

9780309124881

Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE)

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Committee to Evaluate the NSF's Vertically Integrated Grants for Research and Education (VIGRE) Program

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Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE)

In 1998, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched a program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). These grants were designed for institutions with PhD-granting departments in the mathematical sciences, for the purpose of developing high-quality education programs, at all levels, that are vertically integrated with the research activities of these departments. To date, more than 50 departments at 40 institutions have received VIGRE awards. As requested by NSF, the present volume reviews the goals of the VIGRE program and evaluates how well the program is designed to address those goals. The book considers past and current practices for assessing the VIGRE program; draws tentative conclusions about the program's achievements based on the data collected to date; and evaluates NSF's plans for future data-driven assessments. In addition, critical policy and programmatic changes for the program are identified, with recommendations for how to address these changes.

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130

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309141869

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9780309141864

An Assessment of the Smart Manufacturing Activities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Engineering Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the Smart Manufacturing Activities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

The mission of the Engineering Laboratory (EL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to "promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology for engineered systems in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life." To support this mission the EL has developed thrusts in smart manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems; in sustainable and energy-efficient manufacturing materials and infrastructure; and in disaster-resilient buildings, infrastructure, and communities. The technical work of the EL is performed in five divisions - Intelligent Systems, Materials and Structural Systems, Energy and Environment, Systems Integration, and Fire Research - and in two offices - the Applied Economics Office and the Smart Grid Program Office. At the request of the acting director of NIST, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the NIST Engineering Laboratory (EL). This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff summarizes the findings of the authoring panel.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030946952X

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9780309469524

Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission: Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop

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Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

In 2015, the Air Force Studies Board conducted a workshop, consisting of two data-gathering sessions, to review current research practices employed by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission summarizes the presentations and discussions of these two sessions. This report explores the unique drivers associated with management of a 6.1 basic research portfolio in the Department of Defense and investigates current and future practices that may further the effective and efficient management of basic research on behalf of the Air Force

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309378338

ISBN 13

9780309378338

Intelligent Sustainment and Renewal of Department of Energy Facilities and Infrastructure

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment,Committee on the Renewal of Department of Energy Infrastructure

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Intelligent Sustainment and Renewal of Department of Energy Facilities and Infrastructure

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment,Committee on the Renewal of Department of Energy Infrastructure

The United States Department of Energy's (DOE) facilities stewardship is extremely important to the department's ability to achieve its mission of protecting national, energy, and economic security with advanced science and technology and ensuring environmental cleanup. Intelligent Sustainment and Renewal of Department of Energy Facilities and Infrastructure evaluates the steps the department is taking to improve its facilities and infrastructure management. This report develops best-practice techniques for DOE real property asset management and guidelines for deciding when to repair, renovate, or replace DOE buildings.

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121

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309094445

ISBN 13

9780309094443

Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase One)

A First Look Forward

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Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase One)

A First Look Forward

In 2001, the National Research Council (NRC) completed a congressionally mandated assessment of the benefits and costs of DOE's fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs, Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? The Congress followed this retrospective study by directing DOE to request the NRC to develop a methodology for assessing prospective benefits. The first phase of this projectâ€"development of the methodologyâ€"began in December 2003. Phase two will make the methodology more robust and explore related issues, and subsequent phases will apply the methodology to review the prospective benefits of different DOE fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs. In developing this project, three considerations were particularly important. First, the study should adapt the work of the retrospective study. Second, the project should develop a methodology that provides a rigorous calculation of benefits and risks, and a practical and consistent process for its application. Third, the methodology should be transparent, should not require extensive resources for implementation, and should produce easily understood results. This report presents the results of phase one. It focuses on adaptation of the retrospective methodology to a prospective context.

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138

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309181372

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9780309181372

Radioisotope Power Systems

An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Radioisotope Power Systems Committee

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Radioisotope Power Systems

An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Radioisotope Power Systems Committee

Spacecraft require electrical energy. This energy must be available in the outer reaches of the solar system where sunlight is very faint. It must be available through lunar nights that last for 14 days, through long periods of dark and cold at the higher latitudes on Mars, and in high-radiation fields such as those around Jupiter. Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) are the only available power source that can operate unconstrained in these environments for the long periods of time needed to accomplish many missions, and plutonium-238 (238Pu) is the only practical isotope for fueling them. Plutonium-238 does not occur in nature. The committee does not believe that there is any additional 238Pu (or any operational 238Pu production facilities) available anywhere in the world.The total amount of 238Pu available for NASA is fixed, and essentially all of it is already dedicated to support several pending missions-the Mars Science Laboratory, Discovery 12, the Outer Planets Flagship 1 (OPF 1), and (perhaps) a small number of additional missions with a very small demand for 238Pu. If the status quo persists, the United States will not be able to provide RPSs for any subsequent missions.

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ISBN 10

0309141761

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9780309141765

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