This special issue of Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology is dedicated to the study of corrosion of objects from historical sites. The issue contains contributions from the 2009 EUROCORR session on Corrosion of Archaeological and Heritage Artefacts organised by the European Federation of Corrosion's working party and commissioned articles on other key issues. The objective is to give the reader a broad understanding of corrosion of ancient materials, for the most part metal but also glass. Articles shed light on a range of analytical approaches related to the study of the complex systems that make up historical artifacts. In order to arrive at an understanding of the nanometric organisation of rust layers and interphases, such studies must be approached on a macroscopic scale. Techniques used include; macrophotography, synchrotron radiation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that ensure results that are both exhaustive and representative of particular observations. This issue demonstrates the wealth of approaches possible in the study of the corrosion of ancient materials.
This special issue of Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology is dedicated to the study of corrosion of objects from historical sites. The issue contains contributions from the 2009 EUROCORR session on Corrosion of Archaeological and Heritage Artefacts organised by the European Federation of Corrosion's working party and commissioned articles on other key issues. The objective is to give the reader a broad understanding of corrosion of ancient materials, for the most part metal but also glass. Articles shed light on a range of analytical approaches related to the study of the complex systems that make up historical artifacts. In order to arrive at an understanding of the nanometric organisation of rust layers and interphases, such studies must be approached on a macroscopic scale. Techniques used include; macrophotography, synchrotron radiation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that ensure results that are both exhaustive and representative of particular observations. This issue demonstrates the wealth of approaches possible in the study of the corrosion of ancient materials.
This book addresses the application of Raman spectroscopic techniques to a range of diverse problems which arise in the study, conservation and restoration of artefacts and sites closely related to our cultural heritage as well as in authentication. These themes are naturally wider than what at first might be considered as artworks and archaeological artefacts and the topics include pigments, paintings, ceramics, glass, sculpture and patination / corrosion, textiles, industrial archaeology, the degradation and preservation of biomaterials, mummies and human skeletal remains. An interesting feature is the inclusion of modern case studies which describe specific problems and approaches to the Raman spectral analysis of items important to our cultural heritage. The text is prefaced with an introduction to the important parameters used in nondestructive Raman measurements and also highlights some future applications based upon novel miniaturised instrumentation for in-field studies and potential screening work which will identify specimens which would repay further studies in the laboratory. An attempt is made to give a snapshot of the state-of-the-art evolution since the beginning of the technique (1970s) and to point out potential further development. The book is co-edited by three international experts with many years' experience in the application of Raman spectroscopy to artworks, archaeological artefacts and in the investigation of materials and sites for cultural heritage preservation and each editor has undertaken to write individual chapters and different topics personally. The adopted approach is designed to convey the sort of information which has become available from the adoption of analytical Raman spectroscopy to different problems in the field of cultural heritage preservation through the spectral interrogation of artefacts and how the interpretation of the spectral data can assist museum curators, archaeologists and cultural heritage historians in the preservation and conservation of ancient materials and sites : a particular advantage in this respect is the ability of Raman spectroscopy to determine –generally in a strictly noninvasive procedure - at the laboratory or on-site with mobile instruments, the presence of both organic and inorganic components in a particular specimen together nondestructively without any chemical and mechanical pretreatment being undertaken, which is an essential requirement for rare and valuable samples . An important aside from this work is the means of spectral identification of ongoing biodeterioration and biological colonisation in specimens in storage and the effects of environmental deterioration such as humidity and temperature upon their integrity.
This book provides state of the art scientific and engineering research findings and developments in the area of mobile robotics and associated support technologies. The book contains peer reviewed articles presented at the CLAWAR 2011 conference. A great deal of interest is vested in the use of robots outside the factory environment. The CLAWAR conference series, established as a high profile international event, acts as a platform for dissemination of research and development findings and supports the trend to address current interest in mobile robotics to meet the needs of mankind in various segments of the society. Field robotics aims to bring technologies that allow autonomous systems to assist and/or replace humans performing tasks that are difficult, repetitive, unpleasant, or take place in hazardous environments. These robotic systems will bring sociological and economic benefits through improved human safety, increased equipment utilisation, reduced maintenance costs and increased production.
Preliminary material /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- L'EAU, CONDITION DE FERTILITÉ ET DE VIE /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- LA MÉTÉOROLOGIE /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- LES EAUX TERRESTRES /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- L'HOMME ET L'EAU /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- LA MER /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- LA PROVENANCE DE L'EAU SUR LA TERRE /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- SUPERSTITIONS, RITES, ÉLÉMENTS CULTUELS EN RELATION AVEC L'EAU /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- L'EAU, SA VIE ET SA SIGNIFICATION /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHIE /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- INDEX DES TERMES HÉBRAÏQUES UTILISÉS À PROPOS DE L'EAU /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT -- INDEX DES REFERENCES BIBLIQUES /Editors L'EAU, SA VIE, ET SA SIGNIFICATION DANS L'ANCIEN TESTAMENT.
Thanks to very peculiar style and theology, Pg was identified as far back as 1869 by Theodor Nöldeke and remains one of the last pillars of Pentateuch research after the fall of the Wellhausen model. Its existence is rarely doubted, but its extent is debated. Does it end already in Exodus (Otto, Pola, Bauks) or does it go as far as Deuteronomy (Noth, Frevel) or even into Joshua (Lohfink, Knauf)? The end determines Pg's notion of the land and its conquest, important subjects today for the formation of the Pentateuch (was there first a Hexateuch?). The 364-day perpetual calendar offers a reliable criterion to identify Pg within the final text of the Hexateuch because the simple mathematic of the calendar are easier to control than hypothetical redactors. Pg is divided into seven periods, from creation to the entry of the sons of Israel in an empty land of Canaan. The festival calendar of Leviticus 23, and the Jubilee of Lev 25 constitute the heart of Pg, the practical outworking of principles presented in the narrative. Bloodless atonement with no connection to any temple whatsoever, peaceful entry into the empty Promised Land, eternal sabbatical rhythm, are Pg's major theological characteristics.
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