This book introduces readers to the physics governing electron emission under high voltages and temperatures, and highlights recent modeling and numerical developments for describing these phenomena. It begins with a brief introduction, presenting several applications that have driven electron emission research in the last few decades. The authors summarize the most relevant theories including the physics of thermo-field electron emission and the main characteristic parameters. Based on these theories, they subsequently describe numerical multi-physics models and discuss the main findings on the effect of space charges, emitter geometry, pulse duration, etc. Beyond the well-known photoelectric effect, the book reviews recent advanced theories on photon-metal interaction. Distinct phenomena occur when picosecond and femtosecond lasers are used to irradiate a surface. Their consequences on metal electron dynamics and heating are presented and discussed, leading to various emission regimes – in and out of equilibrium. In closing, the book reviews the effects of electron emission on high-voltage operation in vacuum, especially breakdown and conditioning, as the most common examples. The book offers a uniquely valuable resource for graduate and PhD students whose work involves electron emission, high-voltage holding, laser irradiation of surfaces, vacuum or discharge breakdown, but also for academic researchers and professionals in the field of accelerators and solid state physics with an interest in this highly topical area.
In this book, Whole Foods Market cofounder John Mackey and professor and Conscious Capitalism, Inc. co-founder Raj Sisodia argue for the inherent good of both business and capitalism. Featuring some of today's best-known companies, they illustrate how these two forces can--and do--work most powerfully to create value for all stakeholders: including customers, employees, suppliers, investors, society, and the environment.
Analytic combinatorics aims to enable precise quantitative predictions of the properties of large combinatorial structures. The theory has emerged over recent decades as essential both for the analysis of algorithms and for the study of scientific models in many disciplines, including probability theory, statistical physics, computational biology, and information theory. With a careful combination of symbolic enumeration methods and complex analysis, drawing heavily on generating functions, results of sweeping generality emerge that can be applied in particular to fundamental structures such as permutations, sequences, strings, walks, paths, trees, graphs and maps. This account is the definitive treatment of the topic. The authors give full coverage of the underlying mathematics and a thorough treatment of both classical and modern applications of the theory. The text is complemented with exercises, examples, appendices and notes to aid understanding. The book can be used for an advanced undergraduate or a graduate course, or for self-study.
The hippocampus , the Greek word for seahorse, is one of the most fascinating and intriguing regions of the mammalian brain. It is a bilateral incurved seahorse-shaped structure of the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus has a highly distinctive morphology. It is composed of two regions, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the Cornu Ammonis (CA). The nerve cells of the main layer of the DG and CA regions, the granule cells and pyramidal cells respectively, are organised in a tri-synaptic lamellaire circuit. The granule and pyramidal cells are glutamatergic excitatory. The granule cells elicit unique histological, biochemical, developmental, physio- and pathological features. The hippocampus is also an area of the brain that elicits a high degree of plasticity, like synaptic and phenotypic plasticity. It is also one of the few regions of the brain where neurogenesis, the generation of new nerve cells, occurs throughout adulthood. The hippocampus is involved in physio-and pathological processes, like learning and memory.
Since the advent of the contemporary US national security apparatus in 1947, entrepreneurial public officials have tried to reorient the course of the nation's foreign policy. Acting inside the National Security Council system, some principals and high-ranking officials have worked tirelessly to generate policy change and innovation on the issues they care about. These entrepreneurs attempt to set the foreign policy agenda, frame policy problems and solutions, and orient the decision-making process to convince the president and other decision makers to choose the course they advocate. In National Security Entrepreneurs and the Making of American Foreign Policy Vincent Boucher, Charles-Philippe David, and Karine Prémont develop a new concept to study entrepreneurial behaviour among foreign policy advisers and offer the first comprehensive framework of analysis to answer this crucial question: why do some entrepreneurs succeed in guaranteeing the adoption of novel policies while others fail? They explore case studies of attempts to reorient US foreign policy waged by National Security Council entrepreneurs, examining the key factors enabling success and the main forces preventing the adoption of a preferred option: the entrepreneur's profile, presidential leadership, major players involved in the policy formulation and decision-making processes, the national political context, and the presence or absence of significant opportunities. By carefully analyzing significant diplomatic and military decisions of the Johnson, Nixon, Reagan, and Clinton administrations, and offering a preliminary account of contemporary national security entrepreneurship under presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, this book makes the case for an agent-based explanation of foreign policy change and continuity.
Queues and stochastic networks are analyzed in this book with purely probabilistic methods. The purpose of these lectures is to show that general results from Markov processes, martingales or ergodic theory can be used directly to study the corresponding stochastic processes. Recent developments have shown that, instead of having ad-hoc methods, a better understanding of fundamental results on stochastic processes is crucial to study the complex behavior of stochastic networks. In this book, various aspects of these stochastic models are investigated in depth in an elementary way: Existence of equilibrium, characterization of stationary regimes, transient behaviors (rare events, hitting times) and critical regimes, etc. A simple presentation of stationary point processes and Palm measures is given. Scaling methods and functional limit theorems are a major theme of this book. In particular, a complete chapter is devoted to fluid limits of Markov processes.
This comprehensive textbook on relativity integrates Newtonian physics, special relativity and general relativity into a single book that emphasizes the deep underlying principles common to them all, yet explains how they are applied in different ways in these three contexts. Newton's ideas about how to represent space and time, his laws of dynamics, and his theory of gravitation established the conceptual foundation from which modern physics developed. Book I in this volume offers undergraduates a modern view of Newtonian theory, emphasizing those aspects needed for understanding quantum and relativistic contemporary physics. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed a novel representation of space and time, special relativity. Book II presents relativistic dynamics in inertial and accelerated frames, as well as a detailed overview of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. This provides undergraduate and graduate students with the background necessary for studying particle and accelerator physics, astrophysics and Einstein's theory of general relativity. In 1915, Einstein proposed a new theory of gravitation, general relativity. Book III in this volume develops the geometrical framework in which Einstein's equations are formulated, and presents several key applications: black holes, gravitational radiation, and cosmology, which will prepare graduate students to carry out research in relativistic astrophysics, gravitational wave astronomy, and cosmology.
Insights Into Low Molecular Weight and Cytotoxic Aggregates from in Vitro and Computer Experiments - Molecular Basis of Amyloid-Beta Protein Aggregation and Fibril Formation
Insights Into Low Molecular Weight and Cytotoxic Aggregates from in Vitro and Computer Experiments - Molecular Basis of Amyloid-Beta Protein Aggregation and Fibril Formation
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of senile dementia, affecting more than 24 million people worldwide. It is characterised pathologically by abnormally high levels of neurofibrillary tangles resulting from the accumulation of tau protein in dead and dying neurons, and by elevated numbers of senile plaques in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. The major component of senile plaques is a small protein of 39OCo43 amino acids called amyloid-? (A?). Thus far, no treatment has been shown to slow the progression of sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease.A large body of evidence points, however, to the early A?-formed oligomers as the primary toxic species in Alzheimer's disease. A powerful strategy for developing pharmaceutical treatments against Alzheimer's is to elucidate the pathways of oligomer formation and determine the structures of the toxic aggregates.This book provides a panoramic view across recent in vitro and in vivo studies along with state-of-the-art computer simulations, designed to increase the readers' understanding of A? oligomerisation and fibril formation. At the same time, the book delves into the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease at the atomic level of detail.Written by leading authors in their respective fields, this book will be valuable to all scientists working on Alzheimer's disease.
The replacement of a degenerated joint such as the hip and knee is one of the most outstanding interventions that allows the medical community to restore the patient's quality of life. However, today's patient is increasingly younger and more active and this presents a challenge for the orthopaedic community as a greater demand has been created for a longer lasting artificial joint that can allow the patient to maintain their lifestyle and thus new approaches in biotribology have been focused on this area of research. This invaluable book provides a broad introduction to the boundary conditions, developments and latest research activities already available to the surgeon and offers an insight into solutions being developed for new high performance bearings in joint replacements. The contributors are leading experts in their field and this is the first complete volume to bring together such unique insights. Orthopaedic engineers, surgeons and researchers concerned with new biomaterials would find this a vital reference volume to evaluate the latest state of research in the area."--
The Box Turtle Manual seeks to “help prospective owners keep their turtles healthy and happy.” Given the low price tag placed on a box turtle in a pet shop, many casual shoppers add a box turtle to their household without preparation or knowledge about how to keep the animal alive. Since quality information is difficult to find on box turtles, Philippe de Vosjoli and Dr. Roger Klingenberger remedy the situation with this Advanced Vivarium Systems edition dedicated to box turtles. The authors believe that these popular and beautiful turtles….”may teach you one or two lessons about the delicate balance of life, natural law, and the many ways in which intelligence in manifested in nature.” The book presents background information and guidelines for caring for a box turtle, including selecting a health specimen, acclimating the turtle, indoor and outdoor housing, heating and lighting requirements, feeding and handling, hibernation and breeding. The authors recommend three specific species of box turtles as good pet candidates: they provide photos and information on ornate box turtles, common Asian box turtles, and Chinese box turtles. Dr. Klingenberger provides a chapter on diseases and disorders that gives specific advice about dealing with dehydration, nutritional problems, parasitic problems, and vitamin deficiency. A five-page troubleshooting chart for health problems concludes the chapter. Resources and index included.
A guide to the region in the CADOGAN GUIDES series which covers beaches, hotels, restaurants, activities, the Loire Estuary, and practical information on the history and culture of the area.
Tortoises are simply vegetable-eating turtles, and because of their easy care requirements they are among the most popular of all herps kept as pets. This colorful and informative guide proves the perfect introduction to these attractive reptiles. Author Philippe de Vosjoli provides guidelines for selecting and keeping the most popular tortoises, highlighting the leopard tortoise, African spurred tortoise, red-footed tortoise, Russian tortoise, and pancake tortoise. For each he provides insight into size, sexing, housing, temperature requirement, feeding, hibernation, breeding, and more. This Advanced Vivarium Systems title includes information about selecting a healthy example, quarantine and acclimation considerations, housing needs, water and feeding, as well as solid advice about keeping tortoises healthy. A separate chapter on diseases and disorders provides a complete primer on the health needs and veterinary care of these rewarding reptiles.
This is a fully up-to-date and comprehensive photographic field guide to the snakes of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Lavishly illustrated with 387 color photographs, it includes coverage of all 122 snake species found in these regions. The guide's detailed introduction discusses snake anatomy, biology, habitats and taxonomy. It also explores the health of snakes in captivity and conservation measures, and provides a succinct explanation of the chemical composition, physical effects and cultural uses of snake venom. Species accounts are arranged taxonomically and provide identification features, a description of the species' habitat and behavior and information about whether a snake is venomous. Abundant distribution maps describe each species' geographic variation and usual habitats. Clear photos aid identification and are supplemented with illustrations highlighting key anatomical features. A table of all species, country by country, is included at the back of the book. The first dedicated field guide on snakes to appear in many years, Snakes of Europe, North Africaand the Middle East will be indispensable for anyone interested in learning more about these unique reptiles. Highlights all 122 snake species found in the region Features 387 excellent photos supplemented with diagrams Reflects most recent classification and scientific research Provides each species' identification details, habitat, behavior and much more Includes distribution maps for all species
Measuring the Skin presents all techniques devoted to non-invasive normal or diseased skin measurement. As opposed other books, this text embraces old and new validated techniques for all skin suborgans and functions. The book is ideal as a small encyclopedia since it provides the answer to any question concerning skin measurement. Each technique is discussed to help select the most appropriate one for each special case. Another novel feature is that the book bases the skin investigation on the physiology and anatomy. Each chapter is preceded by a compendium of current knowledge on the structure or function dealt with. The book may also be used as a research tool. It contains a novel, and presently unique list of more than 400 physical and biological skin constants, which are all referenced.
When kept properly, red-eared sliders will delight their owners with their beauty, intelligence fascinating behaviors, and a lifespan of up to 25 years or longer. Learn how to simulate aspects of a pond or lake in your home vivarium, how to determine the sex of your turtle, how to breed red-eared sliders along with proven techniques for feeding, heating, filtering the water and the use of plants. You'll be amazed by what you didn't know! Color photos of different morphs and other popular freshwater turtles
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