Many people, including those living with HIV, do not know that TB is curable. This is a basic message and one thing that is failing to get through. We should know how to get the message to policy- makers and funders that more drugs are needed for both diseases. It is not "either/or', there is no point providing ARVs only for patients to die of TB for lack of TB resources. Similarly, TB efforts alone are insufficient. HIV/AIDS is dramatically fuelling the TB epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where up to 70%% of TB patients are co-infected with HIV in some countries. For many years efforts to tackle TB and HIV have been largely separate, despite the overlapping epidemiology. Improved collaboration between TB and HIV/AIDS programmes will lead to more effective control of TB among HIV- infected people and to significant public health gains.
This book is an international coursebook on the guidelines, principles and protocols of research writing , ethics and bioethics for researchers. It also contains sections on how to write and publish a scientific paper and also how to write proposals for national and international funding.
The main serum markers of HBV include HBsAg, , HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb.. The importance of these markers lies in helping in the correct and complete diagnosis of HBV.Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the serological hallmark of HBV infection. It can be detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA). HBsAg appears in serum 1 to 10 weeks after an acute exposure to HBV, prior to the onset of hepatitis symptoms or elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In patients who subsequently recover, HBsAg usually becomes undetectable after four to six months.Persistence of HBsAg for more than six months implies chronic infection. HBV markers detected with laboratory tests can be used to diagnose acute hepatitis, past infection and chronic infection which help in the understanding and clinical management of the disease in humans.
Quality control is the measures that have to be included in each test run to verify that the test is working correctly. Quality control indicates whether a test run is valid. External quality assessment program is an external evaluation of laboratory performance based on participation in EQAP using proficiency panels.The key issues for TB/HIV/AIDS laboratory quality assurance is that there must be detailed standard operating procedures (SOP) with total compliance checklists for monitoring all activities, organizational schemes for processing, documentation and assessment, monitoring of staff (competency evaluation) with blind proficiencies, neat and complete documentation of all results, no deviation from procedures, maintaining of confidentiality, endorsement of safety measures, and identification of errors and addressing them with a corrective action plan.To have an effective quality plan, there must be focus on accuracy, detail, clarity and legibility. Check and recheck. Never assume.
This book examines the subject of fire prevention which has been of great significance and importance throughout man's history. This is because although laboratory scientists has learnt to use it every day for flaming, sterilization, decontamination, boiling, heating, incineration of wastes and other laboratory work, he has yet to learn how to control fire especially scientists in a tuberculosis (TB), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) reference laboratory. If fire is not properly controlled in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory, fire can destroy both the scientist and the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. It is therefore imperative that the knowledge of control and prevention of fire outbreak in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory must be pursued.
This book explains the principles of design , costing and operating of a tuberculosis reference laboratory in developing countries is not necessarily a space confined within walls and a closed door. Space planning criteria is used to designate different areas for a specific purpose or function.Related functions may often be advantageously located inside the same four walls. There are, however , a few functions which have to be totally isolated from others, for example, the media processing section, which has quite specific criteria for cleanliness and if feasible, a dark room for fluorescence microscopy.A tuberculosis reference laboratory is designed to take account of the fact that all laboratory functions are to constitute a compact unit in which the employees can move between the various parts of the laboratory without having to pass through doors.
Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected from the children and analyzed using one step Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR ) for genotyping and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) for the identification of the different bands of the electrophoretypes of the rotavirus.Analysis results indicated that 16 (22.53%%) out of the 71 children were positive for rotavirus infection while 55 (77.46%%) were negative for rotavirus infection.The rotavirus positive patients were made up of 12 males (68.75%%) and 4 females (25.0%%) while rotavirus negative patients were 32 males (58.18%%) and 23 females (41.81%%).The total number of males with gastroenteritis were 44 (60.56%%) while females were 27 (39.43%%).Rotavirus G2 genotype detected in 10 patients was the most prevalent strain in the hospital followed by G1 genotype found in 6 patients and these were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.
This training course book is an essential guide for laboratory scientists who wants to learn Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping . It is also an invaluable guide for mycobacteriologists who are already involved in tuberculosis genotyping as it reveals the well guarded secrets of efficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping and strain differentiation.This Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping training is a complete operational laboratory training covering the Methodology, Storage and precautions, Quality control, DNA extraction, Amplification, Amplification profile, Detection and Preparation of reagents for tuberculosis genotyping.
The cell wall is the most common target of anti-mycobacterial drugs and many compounds that are in clinical use or under development target enzymes that synthesize distinct layers of the cell wall.There is a crucial and urgent need to identify and characterize the enzymes that are responsible for making cell envelope in mycobacteria which will help in discovering new drug targets.Enzymatic assays for the identification and characterization of the enzymes that are responsible for making the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis and also the identification and characterization of the genomic islands of M. tuberculosis by gene cloning and sequencing.This will help to determine the features, composition , structure, properties and functions of the genes of M. tuberculosis. It will also help to know the impact and relevance of the LCP genes, their functions and role in cell envelope biogenesis.
This book contains the novel approaches and innovations on how to establish an African Center of Excellence in Clinical and Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases in collaboration with Institutions and support from donor agencies .The project development plan is fully discussed in this book which includes the Institutional Profile, Objectives of the project, Project Justification, The Development Programme, Work Plan, Human Capacity Building , Training Programmes, Research Linkages, Staff Training and Development as well as the Potential Output/ Achievements Of The Project .This handbook is an indispensable guide for individuals, universities and institutions with plans to establish an African Center of Excellence in Clinical and Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases in African Countries and other developing countries.
This review unravels the details of the immunological properties underlying the inducement , generation and control of immunological errors , the antigenic changes in the cells themselves, and the extent and activities of the immune response arising as a result of these changes.In this article, we reviewed the antigenic properties of the transformed cells and the ability of the host to mount an immune response to such antigens. Immunological errors itself can have effects on the immune system and these have to be taken into consideration in designing immunotherapeutic measures for the control of chronic and debilitating infectious diseases i.e. HIV is not a transforming virus and is therefore not directly responsible for the lymphomas and skin tumours found in AIDS patients.
This book is an indispensable and invaluable guide for beginners and importers and exporters that are already in the import export business as it revealed the well guarded secrets of transactions in import export business covering such topics such as; World trade- Import Export Procedures, Export Procedure for the manufacturer seeking to export, The Board of Trade, Export procedure for the manufacturer to distributor, Manufacturers seeking distributorships through direct advertising in distributor's country, The export agency seeking representation for a product in overseas country, How an export agency operates, Import by the small agency and distribution, How a manufacturer produces his products, Where the agent stands in the Importer - Manufacturer agreement, The agent and manufacturer's representation, How to choose to Import or Export, Overseas manufacturers and confirming houses, Manufacturer's representation agencies and How to obtain agents in home and international market without investment.
This book contains full and complete comprehensive information On Current Molecular Biology And Biotechnology Protocols For Biomedical Research Scientists In Clinical Molecular Biology Reference Laboratories.
This manual is comprehensively written in plain language in order to make the subject of business ownership, operations and management simple to understand even to an ordinary beginner in business towards providing a firm foundation in business operations, concepts and principles. This manual utilizes a topic-by-topic question and answer approach, so as to instill in trainees, well-built problem- solving skills. The results of our extensive research and experience in business operations are now available. In actuality, this is a complete professional business start-up and operational business training manual that teaches you how to create or improve an existing or functioning business, week by week sequencially.
Specially designed spot-capped containers and selected polyethylene tetraphylate materials will be used in the production of the bottles to reduce contamination.The factory will be established and supported with a water analysis and pollution monitoring laboratory where daily pollution monitoring reports of the water, air and environment of the factory will be submitted to direct production processes.
A comparative investigation on the antibiotic resistant plasmids isolated from the two sites will also be conducted to study the genetic determinants responsible for resistance in the different environmental mycobacterial isolates. Plasmid analysis of the mycobacteria is useful in the differentiation of strains, identifying a source of contamination or evaluating the efficacy of control measures as well as for the development of rapid detection tests.In addition, the taxonomy of plasmids has epidemiological applications in tracing the spread of resistant genes from man to man. Plasmid analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the environmental mycobacteria will be carried out on the isolates from the two sites.
Reports documented in biomedical literature indicates that Glycosyl hydrolases and trehalases in Mycobacteria especially in Mycobacterium tuberculosis may play a role in its virulence. Enzymatic assays are required to see if one can detect specific enzyme activity in M. tuberculosis through microbiological techniques, protein expression and purification, crystallization experiments, glycosyl hydrolase and trehalase assays and gene cloning which will help to determine the role of the enzyme in virulence. It will also enable us to identify the outer membrane protein required for the transport of lipopolysaccharides to the bacterial cell surface.
This book examines the biological safety principles, characterization of four biosafety levels, areas of research needs, safety management programme profile, key tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory security protocols and the socio-economic implications of poor safety practices in a tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. Laboratory safety programmes are plans for preventing sickness and injury to personnel and damage or destruction of physical assets. The fundamental objectives of a meaningful laboratory safety programme include improvement of safety skills and attitude of all personnel, and development of a surveillance programme for prompt identification of hazards. It also explains fully, the term "containment" which describes safe methods for managing infectious materials in the laboratory environment where they are being handled or maintained.
The first part of this book provides all the start-up information needed for the export business. We suggest that you read this first section carefully, make some notes and then re-read it for a complete understanding of the business. Many of the facts in it will not only be informative but surprising as well.It is in this section that we have spent our time and efforts and it is also in this section that you are paying for.The second part is a standard section that we included for your convenience. It is designed to save you time and is primary instructions that every business person should know about before opening any business.This export operations manual will show you not only what to do but how to do it.If you learn and apply the simple basic techniques revealed here, you will have mastered the secret of true and lasting success in import export business.
This comprehensive poultry farming business training manual is an essential start-up procedure training for an individual that wants to go into poultry farming business . It is also an invaluable guide for commercial poultry farmers already into chicken egg production and other aspects of poultry farming as it revealed the well- guarded secrets of successful commercial poultry farmers and exporters of poultry products worldwide. This poultry farming business training manual is organized into 18 modules on poultry farming which consists of daily and weekly step-by-step procedures used in poultry farming operations to achieve the highest profit potential and also sources of loans to finance your poultry business.
This book is an international coursebook on the guidelines, principles and protocols of research writing , ethics and bioethics for researchers. It also contains sections on how to write and publish a scientific paper and also how to write proposals for national and international funding.
This book examines the subject of fire prevention which has been of great significance and importance throughout man's history. This is because although laboratory scientists has learnt to use it every day for flaming, sterilization, decontamination, boiling, heating, incineration of wastes and other laboratory work, he has yet to learn how to control fire especially scientists in a tuberculosis (TB), human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) reference laboratory. If fire is not properly controlled in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory, fire can destroy both the scientist and the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. It is therefore imperative that the knowledge of control and prevention of fire outbreak in the TB/HIV/AIDS reference laboratory must be pursued.
This book is an indispensable and invaluable guide for beginners and importers and exporters that are already in the import export business as it revealed the well guarded secrets of transactions in import export business covering such topics such as; World trade- Import Export Procedures, Export Procedure for the manufacturer seeking to export, The Board of Trade, Export procedure for the manufacturer to distributor, Manufacturers seeking distributorships through direct advertising in distributor's country, The export agency seeking representation for a product in overseas country, How an export agency operates, Import by the small agency and distribution, How a manufacturer produces his products, Where the agent stands in the Importer - Manufacturer agreement, The agent and manufacturer's representation, How to choose to Import or Export, Overseas manufacturers and confirming houses, Manufacturer's representation agencies and How to obtain agents in home and international market without investment.
This book examines the biological safety principles, characterization of four biosafety levels, areas of research needs, safety management programme profile, key tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory security protocols and the socio-economic implications of poor safety practices in a tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reference laboratory. Laboratory safety programmes are plans for preventing sickness and injury to personnel and damage or destruction of physical assets. The fundamental objectives of a meaningful laboratory safety programme include improvement of safety skills and attitude of all personnel, and development of a surveillance programme for prompt identification of hazards. It also explains fully, the term "containment" which describes safe methods for managing infectious materials in the laboratory environment where they are being handled or maintained.
This book explains the principles of design , costing and operating of a tuberculosis reference laboratory in developing countries is not necessarily a space confined within walls and a closed door. Space planning criteria is used to designate different areas for a specific purpose or function.Related functions may often be advantageously located inside the same four walls. There are, however , a few functions which have to be totally isolated from others, for example, the media processing section, which has quite specific criteria for cleanliness and if feasible, a dark room for fluorescence microscopy.A tuberculosis reference laboratory is designed to take account of the fact that all laboratory functions are to constitute a compact unit in which the employees can move between the various parts of the laboratory without having to pass through doors.
This book contains full and complete comprehensive information On Current Molecular Biology And Biotechnology Protocols For Biomedical Research Scientists In Clinical Molecular Biology Reference Laboratories.
Quality control is the measures that have to be included in each test run to verify that the test is working correctly. Quality control indicates whether a test run is valid. External quality assessment program is an external evaluation of laboratory performance based on participation in EQAP using proficiency panels.The key issues for TB/HIV/AIDS laboratory quality assurance is that there must be detailed standard operating procedures (SOP) with total compliance checklists for monitoring all activities, organizational schemes for processing, documentation and assessment, monitoring of staff (competency evaluation) with blind proficiencies, neat and complete documentation of all results, no deviation from procedures, maintaining of confidentiality, endorsement of safety measures, and identification of errors and addressing them with a corrective action plan.To have an effective quality plan, there must be focus on accuracy, detail, clarity and legibility. Check and recheck. Never assume.
A comparative investigation on the antibiotic resistant plasmids isolated from the two sites will also be conducted to study the genetic determinants responsible for resistance in the different environmental mycobacterial isolates. Plasmid analysis of the mycobacteria is useful in the differentiation of strains, identifying a source of contamination or evaluating the efficacy of control measures as well as for the development of rapid detection tests.In addition, the taxonomy of plasmids has epidemiological applications in tracing the spread of resistant genes from man to man. Plasmid analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the environmental mycobacteria will be carried out on the isolates from the two sites.
Viral RNA was extracted from the stool samples collected from the children and analyzed using one step Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR ) for genotyping and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) for the identification of the different bands of the electrophoretypes of the rotavirus.Analysis results indicated that 16 (22.53%%) out of the 71 children were positive for rotavirus infection while 55 (77.46%%) were negative for rotavirus infection.The rotavirus positive patients were made up of 12 males (68.75%%) and 4 females (25.0%%) while rotavirus negative patients were 32 males (58.18%%) and 23 females (41.81%%).The total number of males with gastroenteritis were 44 (60.56%%) while females were 27 (39.43%%).Rotavirus G2 genotype detected in 10 patients was the most prevalent strain in the hospital followed by G1 genotype found in 6 patients and these were the only rotavirus genotypes detected in the hospital.
Reports documented in biomedical literature indicates that Glycosyl hydrolases and trehalases in Mycobacteria especially in Mycobacterium tuberculosis may play a role in its virulence. Enzymatic assays are required to see if one can detect specific enzyme activity in M. tuberculosis through microbiological techniques, protein expression and purification, crystallization experiments, glycosyl hydrolase and trehalase assays and gene cloning which will help to determine the role of the enzyme in virulence. It will also enable us to identify the outer membrane protein required for the transport of lipopolysaccharides to the bacterial cell surface.
Specially designed spot-capped containers and selected polyethylene tetraphylate materials will be used in the production of the bottles to reduce contamination.The factory will be established and supported with a water analysis and pollution monitoring laboratory where daily pollution monitoring reports of the water, air and environment of the factory will be submitted to direct production processes.
The first part of this book provides all the start-up information needed for the export business. We suggest that you read this first section carefully, make some notes and then re-read it for a complete understanding of the business. Many of the facts in it will not only be informative but surprising as well.It is in this section that we have spent our time and efforts and it is also in this section that you are paying for.The second part is a standard section that we included for your convenience. It is designed to save you time and is primary instructions that every business person should know about before opening any business.This export operations manual will show you not only what to do but how to do it.If you learn and apply the simple basic techniques revealed here, you will have mastered the secret of true and lasting success in import export business.
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