What changes occurred and what remained the same in Chinese civil justice from the Qing to the Republic? Drawing on archival records of actual cases, this study provides a new understanding of late imperial and Republican Chinese law. It also casts a new light on Chinese law by emphasizing rural areas and by comparing the old and the new.
The culmination of twenty years of research, this essential book completes distinguished historian Philip C. C. Huang's pathbreaking trilogy on Chinese law and society from late imperial times to the present. The author argues that, despite formal adherence to Western law and legal theory, traditional Chinese judicial practices continue to flourish. Huang draws on a rich array of court records and field interviews to illustrate the surprising strength of traditional Chinese civil justice, as can be seen in societal and cadres mediation, and in court actions with respect to property rights, inheritance and old-age maintenance, and debts. Maoist justice too remains influential, especially its divorce and court mediation practices. Finally, despite the recent massive adoption of Western laws, legal reasoning employed in judicial practice has shown stunning continuity, with major implications for China's future.
To what extent do newly available case records bear out our conventional assumptions about the Qing legal system? Is it true, for example, that Qing courts rarely handled civil lawsuits--those concerned with disputes over land, debt, marriage, and inheritance--as official Qing representations led us to believe? Is it true that decent people did not use the courts? And is it true that magistrates generally relied more on moral predilections than on codified law in dealing with cases? Based in large part on records of 628 civil dispute cases from three counties from the 1760’s to the 1900’s, this book reexamines those widely accepted Qing representations in the light of actual practice. The Qing state would have had us believe that civil disputes were so "minor” or "trivial” that they were left largely to local residents themselves to resolve. However, case records show that such disputes actually made up a major part of the caseloads of local courts. The Qing state held that lawsuits were the result of actions of immoral men, but ethnographic information and case records reveal that when community/kin mediation failed, many common peasants resorted to the courts to assert and protect their legitimate claims. The Qing state would have had us believe that local magistrates, when they did deal with civil disputes, did so as mediators rather than judges. Actual records reveal that magistrates almost never engaged in mediation but generally adjudicated according to stipulations in the Qing code.
How can we account for the durability of subsistence farming in China despite six centuries of vigorous commercialization from 1350 to 1950 and three decades of collectivization between 1950 to 1980? Why did the Chinese rural economy not undergo the transformation predicted by the classical models of Adam Smith and Karl Marx? In attempting to answer this question, scholars have generally treated commercialization and collectivization as distinct from population increase, the other great rural change of the past six centuries. This book breaks new ground in arguing that in the Yangzi delta, China's most advanced agricultural region, population increase was what drove commercialization and collectivization, even as it was made possible by them. The processes at work, which the author terms involutionary commercialization and involutionary growth, entailed ever-increasing labor input per unit of land, resulting in expanded total output but diminishing marginal returns per workday. In the Ming-Qing period, involution usually meant a switch to more labor-intensive cash crops and low-return household sidelines. In post-revolutionary China, it typically meant greatly intensified crop production. Stagnant or declining returns per workday were absorbed first by the family production unit and then by the collective. The true significance of the 1980's reforms, the author argues, lies in the diversion of labour from farming to rural industries and profitable sidelines and the first increases for centuries in productivity and income per workday. With these changes have come a measure of rural prosperity and the genuine possibility of transformative rural development. By reconstructing Ming-Qing agricultural history and drawing on twentieth-century ethnographic data and his own field investigations, the author brings his large themes down to the level of individual peasant households. Like his acclaimed The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China (1985), this study is noteworthy for both its empirical richness and its theoretical sweep, but it goes well beyond the earlier work in its inter-regional comparisons and its use of the pre- and post-1949 periods to illuminate each other.
The culmination of twenty years of research, this essential book completes distinguished historian Philip C. C. Huang's pathbreaking trilogy on Chinese law and society from late imperial times to the present. The author argues that, despite formal adherence to Western law and legal theory, traditional Chinese judicial practices continue to flourish. Huang draws on a rich array of court records and field interviews to illustrate the surprising strength of traditional Chinese civil justice, as can be seen in societal and cadres mediation, and in court actions with respect to property rights, inheritance and old-age maintenance, and debts. Maoist justice too remains influential, especially its divorce and court mediation practices. Finally, despite the recent massive adoption of Western laws, legal reasoning employed in judicial practice has shown stunning continuity, with major implications for China's future.
What changes occurred and what remained the same in Chinese civil justice from the Qing to the Republic? Drawing on archival records of actual cases, this study provides a new understanding of late imperial and Republican Chinese law. It also casts a new light on Chinese law by emphasizing rural areas and by comparing the old and the new.
From Boron Trifluoride to Zinc, the 52 most widely used reagents in organic synthesis are described in this unique desktop reference for every organic chemist. The list of reagents contains classics such as N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid side by side with recently developed ones like Pinacolborane and Tetra-n-propylammonium Perruthenate (TPAP). For each reagent, a concise article provides a brief description of all important reactions for which the reagent is being used, including yields and reaction conditions, an overview of the physical properties of the reagent, its storage conditions, safe handling, laboratory synthesis and purification methods. Advantages and disadvantages of the reagent compared to alternative synthesis methods are also discussed. Reagents have been hand-picked from among the 5000 reagents contained in EROS, the Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Every organic chemist should be familiar with these key reagents that can make almost every reaction work.
This book offers researchers an understanding of the fundamental issues and a good starting point to work on this rapidly expanding field. It provides a comprehensive survey of current developments of heterogeneous information network. It also presents the newest research in applications of heterogeneous information networks to similarity search, ranking, clustering, recommendation. This information will help researchers to understand how to analyze networked data with heterogeneous information networks. Common data mining tasks are explored, including similarity search, ranking, and recommendation. The book illustrates some prototypes which analyze networked data. Professionals and academics working in data analytics, networks, machine learning, and data mining will find this content valuable. It is also suitable for advanced-level students in computer science who are interested in networking or pattern recognition.
Put the world’s most well-known kidney reference to work in your practice with the 11th Edition of Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices. Addressing current issues such as new therapies for cardiorenal syndrome, the increased importance of supportive or palliative care in advanced chronic kidney disease, increasing live kidney donation in transplants, and emerging discoveries in stem cell and kidney regeneration, this revised edition prepares you for any clinical challenge you may encounter. Extensively updated chapters throughout, providing the latest scientific and clinical information from authorities in their respective fields. Lifespan coverage of kidney health and disease from pre-conception through fetal and infant health, childhood, adulthood, and old age. Discussions of today’s hot topics, including the global increase in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, cardiovascular disease and renal disease, and global initiatives for alternatives in areas with limited facilities for dialysis or transplant. New Key Points that represent either new findings or "pearls" of information that are not widely known or understood. New Clinical Relevance boxes that highlight the information you must know during a patient visit, such as pertinent physiology or pathophysiology. Hundreds of full-color, high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables that illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and clinical decision making. A new editor who is a world-renowned expert in global health and nephrology care in underserved populations, Dr. Valerie A. Luyckx from University of Zürich. Board review-style questions to help you prepare for certification or recertification.
Analyze alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting foof needs of the developing world on a sustainable basis, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries.
Especially written for qualified nurses working in intensive care nursing units, this third edition has been developed to be as accessible as possible. Including new chapters on planning for pandemics and transferring patients, it has been revised throughout to ensure the evidence-base is completely up-to-date and the content reflects contemporary best practice.
This comprehensive and clinically-focused textbook is designed for student and qualified nurses concerned with caring effectively for deteriorating and acutely ill adults outside of specialist intensive care units. Divided into six sections, the book begins with chapters on assessment and the deteriorating patient, including monitoring vital signs and interpreting blood results. This is followed by two sections focusing on breathing and cardiovascular problems respectively. Section 4 explores issues around disability and impairment, including chapters on neurology, pain management, psychological needs and thermoregulation. The penultimate section looks at maintaining the internal environment, with chapters on issues such as nutrition, fluid management and infection control. The text ends with a discussion of legal issues and accountability. Nursing Acutely Ill Adults includes a full range of pedagogical features, including sections: identifying fundamental knowledge; highlighting implications for practice; giving further reading and resources; using case scenarios to help readers relate theory to practice; and providing ‘time out’ exercises. It is the ideal textbook for students taking modules in caring for critically ill adults and qualified nurses working with these patients.
What price do organizations and nations pay for a poor fit between employees and their work environments? Negative stress imposes a high cost on individual health and well-being as well as organizational health and productivity. This comprehensive textbook examines the definitions of job-related stress and the methods used to assess levels and consequences of occupational stress, along with strategies that may be used by individuals and organizations to confront negative stress and its associated problems. From sources of stress to organizational interventions, and from job-related burnout to coping with stress, Organizational Stress gives the reader – whether researcher, student, or practitioner – a basis for tailoring work environments which contribute to the health and well-being of individuals, organizations, and even the societies in which they live. This new edition has been updated to reflect the most relevant research in the field of organisational stress, including a completely new chapter on stress and the brain. It also focusses on the future of work in our rapidly changing world – dealing with contemporary contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of the gig economy. Christina G.L. Nerstad is a Professor at BI Norwegian Business School Ingvild M. Seljeseth is an Associate Professor at Kristiania University College Astrid M. Richardsen is Professor Emerita at BI Norwegian Business School Cary L Cooper is a Professor at Alliance Manchester Business School Philip J. Dewe is Emeritus Professor at Birkbeck, University of London Michael P. O′Driscoll is Emeritus Professor at University of Waikato
Representation learning in heterogeneous graphs (HG) is intended to provide a meaningful vector representation for each node so as to facilitate downstream applications such as link prediction, personalized recommendation, node classification, etc. This task, however, is challenging not only because of the need to incorporate heterogeneous structural (graph) information consisting of multiple types of node and edge, but also the need to consider heterogeneous attributes or types of content (e.g. text or image) associated with each node. Although considerable advances have been made in homogeneous (and heterogeneous) graph embedding, attributed graph embedding and graph neural networks, few are capable of simultaneously and effectively taking into account heterogeneous structural (graph) information as well as the heterogeneous content information of each node. In this book, we provide a comprehensive survey of current developments in HG representation learning. More importantly, we present the state-of-the-art in this field, including theoretical models and real applications that have been showcased at the top conferences and journals, such as TKDE, KDD, WWW, IJCAI and AAAI. The book has two major objectives: (1) to provide researchers with an understanding of the fundamental issues and a good point of departure for working in this rapidly expanding field, and (2) to present the latest research on applying heterogeneous graphs to model real systems and learning structural features of interaction systems. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first book to summarize the latest developments and present cutting-edge research on heterogeneous graph representation learning. To gain the most from it, readers should have a basic grasp of computer science, data mining and machine learning.
Creativity is at the vanguard of contemporary capitalism, valorised as a form of capital in its own right. It is the centrepiece of the vaunted 'creative economy', the creative industries, and is increasingly a focus of public policy. But what is economic about creativity? How can creative labour become the basis for a distinctive global industry? And how has the solitary artist, a figment of the romantic thought, become the creative entrepreneur of twenty-first century economic imagining? This book offers a fresh approach to this topic within the creative industries through a focus on intellectual property. It follows IP and its associated rights (IPR) through the creative economy, showing how it shapes creative products and configures the economic agency of creative producers. IP helps to manage risk, settle what is valuable, extract revenues, and protect future profits. It is the central mechanism in organising the market for creative goods. Most importantly, it shows that IP/IPR is crucial in the dialectic between symbolic and economic value on which the creative industries depend; IP/IPR hold the creative industries together. This book is based on a detailed empirical study of creative producers in the UK, extending the sociological studies of markets to an analysis of the UK's creative industries. In doing so, it makes an important, empirically grounded contribution to debates around creativity, entrepreneurship, and uncertainty in creative industries, and will be of interest to scholars and policymakers alike.
A cutting-edge new vision of biology that will revise our concept of what life itself is, how to enhance it, and what possibilities it offers. Biology is undergoing a quiet but profound transformation. Several aspects of the standard picture of how life works--the idea of the genome as a blueprint, of genes as instructions for building an organism, of proteins as precisely tailored molecular machines, of cells as entities with fixed identities, and more--have been exposed as incomplete, misleading, or wrong. In How Life Works, Philip Ball explores the new biology, revealing life to be a far richer, more ingenious affair than we had guessed. Ball explains that there is no unique place to look for an answer to this question: life is a system of many levels--genes, proteins, cells, tissues, and body modules such as the immune system and the nervous system--each with its own rules and principles. How Life Works explains how these levels operate, interface, and work together (most of the time). With this knowledge come new possibilities. Today we can redesign and reconfigure living systems, tissues, and organisms. We can reprogram cells, for instance, to carry out new tasks and grow into structures not seen in the natural world. As we discover the conditions that dictate the forms into which cells organize themselves, our ability to guide and select the outcomes becomes ever more extraordinary. Some researchers believe that ultimately we will be able to regenerate limbs and organs, and perhaps even create new life forms that evolution has never imagined. Incorporating the latest research and insights, How Life Works is a sweeping journey into this new frontier of the life sciences, a realm that will reshape our understanding of life as we know it.
Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Substantially updated with more illustrations and brand-new chapters that reflect the growth and advances in the field, this latest edition of Acute Care Surgery features an editorial board drawn from the ranks of trauma surgery, emergency surgery, and critical care surgery. A comprehensive, updated, and timely overview of this fledgling specialty!
Focusing on the key essentials you need to know, Axial Spondyloarthritis provides a quick, expert overview of axSpA from a clinical perspective. This concise resource by Drs. Philip Mease and Muhammad Khan presents practical recommendations and guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of spondyloarthritis impacting the axial skeleton alongside an overview of epidemiology, special populations, and patient education. Discusses key information on genetic factors and disease biomarkers. Presents an overview of clinical features, classification criteria, and imaging to aid in diagnosis. Covers management and treatment guidelines, including non-pharmacologic management and the use of biologics. Consolidates essential information on this timely topic into a single, convenient resource.
Urban Ecology: An Introduction seeks to open the reader’s mind and eyes to the way in which nature permeates everyday urban living, and how it has to be understood, cared for, and managed in order to make our towns and cities healthier places to visit and in which to live and work. The authors examine how nature can improve our physical and mental health, the air we breathe and the waters we use, as well as boosting our enjoyment of parks and gardens. Urban Ecology sets out the science that underlies the changing natural scene and the tools used to ensure that cities become both capable of adapting to climate change and more beautiful and resilient. The book begins with a discussion of the nature of urban places and the role of nature in towns and cities. Part 1 looks at the context and content of urban ecology, its relationship to other foci of interest within ecology and other environmental sciences, and the character of city landscapes and ecosystems. In Part 2 the authors set out the physical and chemical components of urban ecosystems and ecological processes, including urban weather and climate, urban geomorphology and soils, urban hydrology and urban biogeochemical cycles. In Part 3 urban habitats, urban flora and fauna, and the effects of, deliberate and inadvertent human action on urban biota are examined. Part 4 contains an exploration of the identification and assessment of ecosystem services in urban areas, emphasising economic evaluation, the importance of urban nature for human health and well-being, and restoration ecology and creative conservation. Finally, in Part 5 the tasks for urban ecologists in optimising and sustaining urban ecosystems, providing for nature in cities, adapting to climate change and in developing the urban future in a more sustainable manner are set out. Within the 16 chapters of the book – in which examples from around the world are drawn upon - the authors explore current practice and future alternatives, set out procedures for ecological assessment and evaluation, suggest student activities and discussion topics, provide recommended reading and an extensive bibliography. The book contains more than 150 tables and over 150 photographs and diagrams.
McCaulay's CFA Level I Practice Exams are published in a five volume set, with each volume containing eight 120-question exams, for a total of 960 questions. The entire five volume set has forty exams and a total of 4,800 questions. Each exam has an answer key followed by the exam with the answers shown, including the formulas used to derive the numeric answers. The question formats and topic weights are similar to the actual CFA Level I exam. The questions were transformed from the study material in the CFA Institute Program Curriculum available from the CFA Institute. The practice exams are designed to complement the CFA Program curriculum and to facilitate the learning process, not to be used as a substitute for study of the prescribed curriculum.
McCaulay's CFA Level I Practice Exams are published in a five volume set, with each volume containing eight 120-question exams, for a total of 960 questions. The entire five volume set has forty exams and a total of 4,800 questions. Each exam has an answer key followed by the exam with the answers shown, including the formulas used to derive the numeric answers. The question formats and topic weights are similar to the actual CFA Level I exam. The questions were transformed from the study material in the CFA Institute Program Curriculum available from the CFA Institute. The practice exams are designed to complement the CFA Program curriculum and to facilitate the learning process, not to be used as a substitute for study of the prescribed curriculum.
Plants are incredibly sensitive to changes in temperature. Changes of a single degree or two in ambient temperature can impact plant architecture, developmental processes, immune response, and plant reproduction. Temperature and Plant Development thoroughly explores plant molecular responses to changes in temperature with aim to understanding how plants perceive, integrate, and respond to temperature signals. Temperature and Plant Development explores the diverse molecular responses that plants exhibit as they face changing temperatures. Temperature-related changes and adaptations to essential developmental processes, such as germination, flowering, and reproduction, are explored in detail. Chapters also explore the impact of temperature on plant immune responses and the impact of rising temperatures on global food security. A timely and important book, Temperature and Plant Development will be a valuable resource for plant biologists, crop scientists, and advanced students. • Up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the role of temperature on plant development. • Looks at changes and adaptations to plant developmental processes made in response to changing temperatures. • Explores the role of temperature on plant immune response and pathogen defense • Provides a timely look at the impact of changing temperatures on global food security
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