In recent decades population movements have increased, leading to the globalisation of migration. This has brought about an upsurge in national and international debates about migration and its effects. Differing discourses range from the rejection and exclusion of 'migrants' to an appreciation of cultural diversity. Austria, a former imperial power, and a member of the European Union since 1995, has experienced both traditional and more recent immigration waves. At the national level these have led to a range of party-political policies on migration, which may or may not be endorsed in local everyday settings. Differing policies imply differing types of political governance. Max Weber's classical sociological theory identified three pure types of legitimate domination - legal-rational, traditional and charismatic. A fourth type, namely utopian/dystopian leadership, is identified in this book. Depending on the correspondence of migration discourses between the political elites and ordinary citizens, the specific types of governance are either wholly or partially legitimated. This book focuses on official and unofficial discourses about migration in the context of varying degrees of legitimation of political governance by ordinary Austrian citizens. The study was conducted by way of grounded theory. It involves an analysis of party political manifestos and parliamentary debates of the Austrian political parties; and a regional case study using semi-structured interviews.
This reference/text addresses concepts and synthetic techniques for the preparation of polymers for state-of-the-art use in biomedicine, synthetic biology, and bionanotechnology.
This book provides a timely and unique contribution to current debates on how effectively voluntary party quotas address the persistent underrepresentation of women in legislatures. Using a most similar case design and a mixed-methods approach, the authors draw attention to the ways in which electoral systems and party regulations interface with voluntary party quotas in Germany and Austria. All quota parties in these countries support the goal of equal participation of women and men in elected office, and quotas are presented as a means to precisely that end. In order to assess parties’ commitment to their declared goals, and the effectiveness of quotas, the book introduces the concept of the post-quota gender gap and defines it as the difference between a party’s adopted quota and the actual share of women in legislative bodies at the national and regional level. Complementing the existing literature on recruitment and socio-cultural legacies, the authors argue that the problem of voluntary party quotas lies at the intersection of party quota design and electoral law. Either parties need to design quotas that actually work within a given electoral system, or we need legislative action geared toward advancing parity not just in candidate selection, but in the composition of legislatures. The book draws on gendered candidate and election data, on the party statutes of federal and state-level party organizations, and on interviews with party officials and party women’s organizations.
In recent decades population movements have increased, leading to the globalisation of migration. This has brought about an upsurge in national and international debates about migration and its effects. Differing discourses range from the rejection and exclusion of 'migrants' to an appreciation of cultural diversity. Austria, a former imperial power, and a member of the European Union since 1995, has experienced both traditional and more recent immigration waves. At the national level these have led to a range of party-political policies on migration, which may or may not be endorsed in local everyday settings. Differing policies imply differing types of political governance. Max Weber's classical sociological theory identified three pure types of legitimate domination - legal-rational, traditional and charismatic. A fourth type, namely utopian/dystopian leadership, is identified in this book. Depending on the correspondence of migration discourses between the political elites and ordinary citizens, the specific types of governance are either wholly or partially legitimated. This book focuses on official and unofficial discourses about migration in the context of varying degrees of legitimation of political governance by ordinary Austrian citizens. The study was conducted by way of grounded theory. It involves an analysis of party political manifestos and parliamentary debates of the Austrian political parties; and a regional case study using semi-structured interviews.
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